Resources

Bibliography compiled by Lorena Ibargüen Tinley in 2004. A-Z by country and subject:

• Africa
• Cambodia
• Cameroon
• Certification
• CITES
• Communities
• Concessions
• Corruption
• Deforestation
• Ecuador
• FLEG
• Forest Crimes
• Forest Law
• Forest Law Enforcement
• Forest Policy
• Forests
• Global Witness
• Governance
• Illegal Logging
• Illegal Timber Trade
• Independent Forest Monitoring
• Indonesia
• Kimberley Process
• Law Enforcement
• Monitoring
• Participation
• Philippines
• Trade

Bernstein, S. & Cashore, B. 2004, "Non-state global governance: is forest certification a legitimate alternative to a Global Forest Convention?," in Hard choices, soft law: combining trade, environment, and social cohesion in global governance (forthcoming), Ashgate Press, Aldershot.
Abstract: The central argument in this chapter is that as a non-state form of governance, transnational forest certification schemes require political authority beyond the state to succeed. "Authority exists when a community or audience authorizes commands to which it feels bound, empowering those rules and, possibly, mechanisms to enforce them. But in the realm of global governance, especially in cases where "hard law" is absent, legitimacy takes on added importance because, by definition, non-state governance schemes lack traditional enforcement capacities associated with the sovereign state."
Keywords: certification/communities/forest certification/FSC/governance/legitimacy/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Brack, D., Marijnissen, C., & Ozinga, S. 2002, Controlling Imports of illegal timber. Options for Europe , The Royal Institute of International Affairs and FERN.,
Abstract: This report presents a series of recommendations for the institutions of the European Union (EU) on means to control the import of illegally source timber and wood products into the territory. It identifies existing legislation that may be applicable in controlling imports, looks at ways of promoting legal products in the market and of controlling flows of investment to potentially illegal forestry activities; examines existing global frameworks that may be applicable; analyses new approaches that are currently being discussed, in particular the option of the new EU legislation, including a licensing scheme for legal timber; and considers the practical issues, including identification systems, that must be addressed. The document points out the following measures that should be adopted as key priorities for action:

• Adopt new EU legislation to ban the entry of illegally produced timber in the EU. This should include establishing systems to identify legal production in producer countries and requirement for evidence of legal production to be presented at the point of import into the EU.
• Provide capacity-building assistance to developing countries to establish legality verification systems to reform their forestry sectors and possible forestry laws.
• Use government procurement policy to source legal and sustainable products,
• Regulate sources of finance for the forestry industry, steering investment flows away form potentially illegal activities
• Where possible, use existing legislation on illegal goods and money laundering to target illegal timber.

Keywords: certification/CITES/EU policy/forest legislation/government procurement/illegal logging/independent monitoring/money laundering/OECD Convention on Bribery and Corruption/The Kimberley Process/trade/US Lacey Act/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Brack, D., Gray, K., & Hayman, G. 2002, Controlling the international trade in iIlegally logged timber and wood products. A study prepared for the UK Department of International Development
Abstract: This report examines the means by which the international trade in illegally logged timber and wood products can be controlled. It describes how importing and consuming governments might establish and operate a system for denying market access to timber and wood products produced and exported illegally. The main issues looked into by the study are:

• Identifying legal production. Including monitoring and verification schemes, as well as experiences from timber certification schemes.
• Closing markets to illegal products by voluntary means, tariff preferences, government procurement polices
• International cooperation through bilateral, regional or multilateral agreements
• WTO implications
• Anti-corruption and money laundering initiatives

The major conclusion to the study is that solutions to the problem of illegal logging and the trade in illegally logged timber will not be easy to implement, they will require action across a wide variety of fields, legal, financial, diplomatic and technical. Yet they are not impossible; solutions do exist, and can be implemented by those who display the political will to do so.
Keywords: certification/government procurement/illegal logging/money laundering/monitoring/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Brack, D., Marijnissen, C., & Ozinga, S. 2002, Controlling Imports of illegal timber. Options for Europe , The Royal Institute of International Affairs and FERN.
Abstract: This report presents a series of recommendations for the institutions of the European Union (EU) on means to control the import of illegally source timber and wood products into the territory. It identifies existing legislation that may be applicable in controlling imports, looks at ways of promoting legal products in the market and of controlling flows of investment to potentially illegal forestry activities; examines existing global frameworks that may be applicable; analyses new approaches that are currently being discussed, in particular the option of the new EU legislation, including a licensing scheme for legal timber; and considers the practical issues, including identification systems, that must be addressed. The document points out the following measures that should be adopted as key priorities for action:

• Adopt new EU legislation to ban the entry of illegally produced timber in the EU. This should include establishing systems to identify legal production in producer countries and requirement for evidence of legal production to be presented at the point of import into the EU.
• Provide capacity-building assistance to developing countries to establish legality verification systems to reform their forestry sectors and possible forestry laws.
• Use government procurement policy to source legal and sustainable products,
• Regulate sources of finance for the forestry industry, steering investment flows away form potentially illegal activities
• Where possible, use existing legislation on illegal goods and money laundering to target illegal timber

Keywords: certification/CITES/EU policy/forest legislation/government procurement/illegal logging/independent monitoring/money laundering/OECD Convention on Bribery and Corruption/The Kimberley Process/trade/US Lacey Act/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Cashore, B. & McDermott, C. 2004, Global environmental forest policies: Canada as a constant case comparison of select forest practice regulations , International Forest Resources.
Abstract: The report compares key environmental forest policies in twenty countries using a systematic policy classification framework. It identifies and compares five policy indicators that address issues central to forestry management: the management of riparian zones, clearcutting, road building, reforestation, and annual allowable cut. In order to provide context, the study also reviews approaches to more broadly defined forest policy concerns, such as biodiversity protection, forest plantation management, enforcement, and forest certification. The 20 countries reviewed in this report are: Canada, USA, Germany, Sweden, Finland, Portugal, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Mexico, Brazil, Chile, India, Indonesia, China, South Africa, Congo, Poland, Latvia, and the Russian Federation. In relation to the enforcement issue the report's coverage is limited to qualitative discussions and a general literature review. The authors state that further research is needed to address the ways in which written policies are or are not implemented on the ground. In general terms they conclude that enforcement and compliance are problematic issues in many developing countries due to a lack of resources and capacity, as well as to the often conflicting pressures of economic growth, poverty alleviation, and environmental protection
Keywords: certification/forest policy/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Contreras, H. & Global Witness 2003, Emerging best practices for combating illegal activities in the forest sector
Abstract: This document examines some of the most important options for combating illegal activities in the sector. The author points out that the proper application, sequencing and/or feasibility of the actions proposed will depend on each country's political, social and economic context. Some of the actions mentioned are:

• simplifying norms and reducing their number
• clear property rights
• certification schemes
• independent forest monitoring
• increased information and disseminate knowledge / collection of baseline data
• bilateral agreements

Keywords: certification/governance/illegal timber trade/independent forest monitoring/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Royal Institute of International Affairs (RIIA) 2003, UK Government Forest Law Enforcement and Governance Programme, Assessment. Workshop proceedings, Monday 1st of December 2003. RIIA, Chatham House, 10 St James Square, London
Abstract: This document summarized key issues discussed in the UK Government Forest Law Enforcement and Governance Programme Assessment, which had the objective of gathering views on whether the original aims and elements of the programme were still valid after a first year of activities. The discussion was organized into four main groups comprising the following:

1. Indonesia-UK Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). The main issues discussed were the immediate need for a workable national definition of legality, the impacts of both logging and enforcement on the poor, law enforcement and corruption measures, the need for policy coherence, trade measures, among others. One of the main conclusions was that the MoU's main weakness was its limited geographical reach.
2. The Regional Forest Law Enforcement and Governance Process (FLEG) - In the debate over the FLEG process the key themes were donor leverage, the vital importance of monitoring and follow up, the lack of political will in producer countries and the need to clarify aims.
3. Timber industry and private sector initiatives - The main topics were the need for definitions of legality, certification schemes, costs, consumer education, market-based approaches vs. government action and the impact of plantation forestry.
4. Research Agenda and Systems Development

The main issue was the dialogue around independent monitoring schemes like the work done by Global Witness as well as the experiences by SGS. The key themes were the need for coordination, coherence and cross-referencing of research to create a strategic framework, and using legislation in innovative ways.
Keywords: certification/corruption/FLEG/forest law/forest law enforcement/governance/illegal logging/independent monitoring/Indonesia-UK MoU/law enforcement/monitoring/SGS/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Secretariat of the Forest Integrity Network, Landell-Mills, P., Spears, J., & Gupta, A. 2002, Progress toward containment of forest corruption and improved forest governance. An information note prepared for Transparency International's Annual General Meeting
Abstract: This document summarizes some of the initiatives taken recently by various stakeholder groups to combat forest corruption and foster improved forest law enforcement. It recognizes that the containment of forest related corruption can only be done with the participation of various stakeholders including local communities, NGO's, private sector, governments and development agencies and proceeds to give brief descriptions and examples.

• Local communities: community action in India, Mexico and Tanzania.
• NGO's: work done by Global Witness, the Nature Conservancy, Forest Trends and Global Forest Watch.
• Private Industry: Council for Forest and Paper Associations, the World Business Council for Sustainable Development.
• Governments: Albania, Cambodia, Ecuador, Indonesia, FLEG in Africa and Asia, and the European Commission's Action Plan.
• Multilateral Banks and Development Agencies: World Bank, FAO, the International Tropical Timber Organization

The document concludes with TI's and FIN's steps to build coalitions to fight forest corruption by:

1. building up and publicizing data and information on the issue
2. promoting action plans that include ideas such as: community forestry, integrity pacts for forest concessions, review of laws and policies, certification, citizen-watch activities etc.

Keywords: Africa/Asia/Cambodia/certification/communities/concessions/ corruption/Ecuador/FLEG/forest law/forest law enforcement/ governance/Indonesia/law enforcement/NGO's/participation/Transparency International/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Van Dam, C. 2002, La economía de la certificación forestal: ¿desarrollo sostenible para quien? Ponencia a ser presentada al Congreso Iberoamericano de Desarrollo y Medio Ambiente "Desafíos locales ante la globalización", 8 y 9 de noviembre de 2002 - FLACSO-Quito, Ecuador
Abstract: The document does a critique of forest certification as a market mechanism that has searched for answers to the forest problems in Latin America. The author reviews the growth of certification in the world in the last 10 years, comparing the experiences form countries in the South and Northern hemisphere. Some of the issues dealt with are:

• The unequal economic benefits form certification.
• The costs of certification and the dissociation between these and the beneficiaries.
• Certification standards. Should they be the same for all?
• Certification in natural forests vs. plantations
• Certification in the context of community and indigenous management of forest resources.
• The role of northern environmental NGO's in Forest certification issues
  (document available in Spanish)

Keywords: certification/communities/Ecuador/forest certification/forests/Latin America/NGO's/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

World Diamond Council 2003, The essential guide to implementing Kimberley Process. These guidelines have been prepared by the World Diamond Council on behalf of the World Federation of Diamond Bourses and the International Diamond Manufacturers' Association
Abstract: In 1998, the world became aware that certain rebel movements in Africa were selling, among other things, illegally obtained diamonds - known as conflict diamonds - to fund their wars against legitimate and internationally recognized governments. In order to fully combat the scourge of conflict diamonds, on November 5, 2002, fifty-two governments ratified and adopted the final Kimberley Process Certification Scheme. In essence, these countries have agreed that they will only allow for the import and export of rough diamonds if those rough diamonds come from or are being exported to another Kimberley Process participant. These guidelines give background information to the Kimberley process as well as a description of the steps needed, by both exporting and importing companies, for positive compliance according to the Kimberley Certification Scheme and System of Warranties
Keywords: Africa/certification/Kimberley Process/The Kimberley Process/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140