Resources

Bibliography compiled by Lorena Ibargüen Tinley in 2004. A-Z by country and subject:

• Africa
• Cambodia
• Cameroon
• Certification
• CITES
• Communities
• Concessions
• Corruption
• Deforestation
• Ecuador
• FLEG
• Forest Crimes
• Forest Law
• Forest Law Enforcement
• Forest Policy
• Forests
• Global Witness
• Governance
• Illegal Logging
• Illegal Timber Trade
• Independent Forest Monitoring
• Indonesia
• Kimberley Process
• Law Enforcement
• Monitoring
• Participation
• Philippines
• Trade

Adams, M. & Meka, E. Z. 2002, "Policy failure: the accomplice of illegal trade", Journal of Sustainable Forestry.
Abstract: This article starts by examining some of the more common ways that illegal trade can be perpetrated, but its purpose is to set out some of the underlying policy issues- many outside the forestry sector- that help create the conditions in which illegal trade can flourish and argues that reforming these is equally important to strengthening forest policy and law enforcement.
Keywords: forest policy/illegal timber trade/law enforcement/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Cashore, B. & McDermott, C. 2004, Global environmental forest policies: Canada as a constant case comparison of select forest practice regulations , International Forest Resources.
Abstract: The report compares key environmental forest policies in twenty countries using a systematic policy classification framework. It identifies and compares five policy indicators that address issues central to forestry management: the management of riparian zones, clearcutting, road building, reforestation, and annual allowable cut. In order to provide context, the study also reviews approaches to more broadly defined forest policy concerns, such as biodiversity protection, forest plantation management, enforcement, and forest certification. The 20 countries reviewed in this report are: Canada, USA, Germany, Sweden, Finland, Portugal, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Mexico, Brazil, Chile, India, Indonesia, China, South Africa, Congo, Poland, Latvia, and the Russian Federation. In relation to the enforcement issue the report's coverage is limited to qualitative discussions and a general literature review. The authors state that further research is needed to address the ways in which written policies are or are not implemented on the ground. In general terms they conclude that enforcement and compliance are problematic issues in many developing countries due to a lack of resources and capacity, as well as to the often conflicting pressures of economic growth, poverty alleviation, and environmental protection
Keywords: certification/forest policy/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Contreras-Hermosilla, A. & Global Witness 2003, Strategies to reduce legal barriers in the forestry sector
Abstract: This paper examines strategies and methods to combat illegal logging and the black market in forest products. The author divides these strategies in 5 major groups:

• reform of the political and legal framework,
• strengthening government institutions,
• measures to improve the interface between government and the private sector,
• providing better information and data concerning the management of national forest resources and
• better use of international schemes and agreements.

These methods and strategies, the author states, should be analyzed and implemented in the light of each particular national context.
Keywords: forest policy/illegal logging/strategies for forest law enforcement/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Contreras-Hermosilla, A. 2004, Forest law compliance , World Bank.
Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the magnitude, causes and possible solutions to the problem of illegal logging, which the author states, are common everywhere. It looks at available evidence on the magnitude and impacts of illegal acts, the vulnerabilities of the forest sector, and proposes a strategy for combating forest crime. This strategy rests on three pillars:

• an assessment of the governance situation of the country,
• streamlining the policy framework, and
• focusing operational activities around a prevention detection and suppression framework.

Keywords: forest law/forest policy/governance/illegal logging/law enforcement/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Global Witness 1996, Cambodia, where money grows on trees. Continuing abuses of Cambodia's forest policy
Abstract: This document compares the promises made by the Royal Government of Cambodia at the 1996 Consultative Group meeting with the actions taken by the government in the following months. It looks into the Thai companies that have forestry activities in Cambodia, the illegal logging and timber movements into Laos and Thailand, as well as the role of the Steering Committee established to oversee forest policy
Keywords: Cambodia/forest policy/illegal logging/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Global Witness 1996, Corruption, war and forest policy
Abstract: This document examines deforestation in Cambodia, focusing on the role of the Royal Government of Cambodia in its destruction and the continued involvement of the Thai government and military with the Khmer Rouge in the cross border trade in timber. The document contains two main sections; the first is an examination of the RGC's forest policy and the realities of the corrupt and illegal trade. The second part focuses on Thailand's continued role as a major importer of Cambodian timber
Keywords: Cambodia/corruption/deforestation/forest policy/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Global Witness 1997, Just deserts for Cambodia? Deforestation and the Co-Prime Ministers' legacy to the country
Abstract: This document is a review of the developments in the forestry sector in Cambodia over the previous year. The report gives evidence in relation to the hard work of many individuals and agencies within the Royal Government of Cambodia and the international community, that have resulted in significant improvements in forest policy reform, but that the forests continued to be destroyed with the sanction of the co-Prime Ministers and the power of the armed forces
Keywords: Cambodia/communities/deforestation/forest policy/forestry reform/forests/timber trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Global Witness 1997, A tug of war. The struggle to protect Cambodia's forests
Abstract: This document highlights significant events surrounding the Cambodian forest policy in 1996 and follows the government's progress in implementing the pledges it made at the Tokyo Consultative Group meeting in July 1996. It goes on to report on the efficacy of the timber ban, the role of the other regional governments and raises concerns on activities of foreign concessionaires within the country.
Keywords: Cambodia/forest policy/forests/timber trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Global Witness 1998, Going places...Cambodia's future on the move
Abstract: A review of the developments in the forestry sector in Cambodia in 1997. The report notes that the rate of forest destruction accelerated following the July 1997 coup d'etat, in part due to the high costs being borne by the political parties in the lead up to the election
Keywords: Cambodia/corruption/forest policy/illegal logging/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

GTZ & IWPR 2004, National forest programs. Country case: Ecuador
Abstract: This Report is the second of its kind, since Global Witness was appointed IO and includes an overview of the project of Independent Observation, a progress review of the objectives of the Project, the Independent Observers mandate, and a description of its activities. Its major conclusion is that during the first two years of work the Independent Observer has been able to attain greater access to documentation, has completed 35 field missions documenting in detail major and minor infractions and has published all related reports. This achievement however, has not concluded in the pursuit of these cases to their legal resolution. The issuing of official statements of offence and prosecution for illegal logging has increased since the beginning of the Project, but despite this cases of illegal logging remain unresolved.

Some of the major problems reported are summarized next:

• There is still resistance to the inclusion of the Independent Observer (IO) in Mission Planning
• A large number of cases have not been investigated, despite the provision of information by the IO or civil society
• Access to mapping data has not improved and information within the system remains difficult to access.
• Lack of transparency in the allocation and registration of titles undermines investigation of the legality of logging activates
• The different departments are not working together as a whole to achieve the law enforcement function.

This web briefing gives an overview of the forest sector in Ecuador, including information on the "Strategy of Sustainable Development of Ecuador's Forests" and their Outsource Forestry Supervision System. It includes main conclusions and German contributions
Keywords: Ecuador/forest policy/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

International Tropical Timber Organization 1999, Ecuador's new approach to enforcing forest law
Abstract: This document describes the new public forest policy initiative in Ecuador, and more specifically its new National Forestry Supervision System, which consists of three main aspects. The first being the establishment of a public/private supervision body named Vigilancia Verde (Green Surveillance), under the leadership of the Ministry of Environment, the armed forces and police, together with five non-governmental organizations, that are to be in charge of controlling the transport of timber between the forest and marketing and processing points. Another aspect of this system is the forest steward programme whereby independent foresters working with the state, will have the responsibility for ensuring proper harvesting activities in the forest according to government authorized management plans: and finally, the Ministry of Environment will contract out a major portion of its forestry administration and supervision to a private independent supervisory organization, with a ten year contract, that will operate a real-time information system and work complementary with Vigilancia Verde and the forest stewards.
Keywords: Ecuador/forest law/forest policy/monitoring/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Magrath, W. & Grandalski, R. 2002, Policies, strategies and technologies for forest resource protection" in Applying Reduced Impact Logging to Advance Sustainable Forest Management. International Conference Proceedings 26 February - 1 March. Kiching, Malaysia..:
Abstract: This paper provides a summary of key findings on forest law enforcement in developing countries based in part, on the experiences and papers shared at the Mekong Basin Countries Symposium on forest Law Enforcement held in Phnom Penh, Cambodia on June 1999. It is addressed to those concerned with overall forest policies and with the place of forest law enforcement within them.
Keywords: Cambodia/forest law/forest law enforcement/forest policy/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Ministerio do Meio Ambiente, S. & Banco, M. 2003, Controle do desmatamento e valorizacao economica da floresta - fundamentos y resultados 1999-2002
Abstract: This power point presentation describes the policies that have been implemented to combat deforestation in the Amazon from 1999 to 2002. It includes the background actions to the policies, identification of the causes, deforestation dynamics in the region and results. The four major policies reviewed are:

• 1999 Protected Areas Project (Projeto ARPA- Areas Prtegidas da Amazonia)
• 2000 Legal Amazon (Amazonia Fique Legal)
• 2001 Licencing in Rural Properties (Atos normativos e Licenciamento Ambiental em Propiedade Rural)
• 2002. Economic Instruments.

Keywords: Amazon/Brazil/deforestation/forest monitoring/forest policy/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Utting, P. 2000, Forest policy and politics in the Philippines: the dynamics of participatory conservation , Ateneno de Manila University Press
Abstract: This book assesses the achievements, complexities and limitations of attempts to promote forest protection and people's participation in natural resource management. After the People Power Revolution of 1986, the Philippines gained international recognition as a country actively pursuing an agenda of people-centred sustainable development. The book asks how successful these attempts have been in reversing decades of plunder of the country's forest resources. The contributors use case studies of policies, programmes and projects to examine the ways in which participatory approaches to natural resource management might be implemented. The book concludes that progress in participatory conservation will depend not only on the presence of supportive institutions and structures at local, national and international levels, but also on the existence of a coalition of social and political forces that can mobilize and maintain such a presence
Keywords: forest policy/participation/Philippines/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

van Gelder, J. W., Richert, W., & Wakker, E. 2003, Sources of investment for forestry: preventing flows of finance to illegal activities. Discussion paper written on behalf of the Sustainable Development Programme of The Royal Institute of International Affairs (RIIA)
Abstract: This paper broadly reviews the main economic factors that contribute to illegal forest destruction worldwide and assesses the main sources of public and private financing for each of these sectors. Subsequently it explores policy options to prevent flows of finance to illegal activities in forest related sectors. The document begins by describing how both public and private financial institutions play significant roles in the financing of forest-related sectors worldwide through the provision of a range of diverse financial services. Nevertheless, the role and responsibility of the financial sector in relation to illegal activities in forest-related sectors has received little attention from policy makers to date, and as a result very few existing regulations provide effective options to address the problem.
Keywords: finance to illegal activities/forest policy/law enforcement/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140