Resources

Bibliography compiled by Lorena Ibargüen Tinley in 2004. A-Z by country and subject:

• Africa
• Cambodia
• Cameroon
• Certification
• CITES
• Communities
• Concessions
• Corruption
• Deforestation
• Ecuador
• FLEG
• Forest Crimes
• Forest Law
• Forest Law Enforcement
• Forest Policy
• Forests
• Global Witness
• Governance
• Illegal Logging
• Illegal Timber Trade
• Independent Forest Monitoring
• Indonesia
• Kimberley Process
• Law Enforcement
• Monitoring
• Participation
• Philippines
• Trade

Fearnside, P. M. 2003, "Deforestation control in Mato Gross: a new model for solving the loss of Brazil's Amazon forests", AMBIO: Journal of the Human Environment , vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 343-345.
Abstract: From 1997 to 2000, deforestation rates in Brazil's 9-state "Legal Amazon" region continually crept upward. Now, a licensing and enforcement program for clearing by large farmers and ranchers in the state of Mato Grosso appears to be having an effect. The deforestation rate in Mato Grosso was already beginning to slacken before the initiation of the program in 1999, but examination of county-level data suggests that deforestation in already heavily cleared areas was falling due to lack of suitable uncleared land, while little-cleared areas were experiencing rapid deforestation. Following initiation of the program, the clearing rates declined in the recent frontiers. Areas with greater enforcement effort also appear to have experienced greater declines.
Keywords: Amazon/Brazil/deforestation/forests/Mato Grosso/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Forests Monitor 2001, Sold down the river. The need to control transnational forestry corporations: a European case study , Netherlands Committee for IUCN and Map research was funded by the MacArthur Foundation.
Abstract: This report examines the role of the European Union (EU) in the management of forest resources in six countries in Central Africa: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo (Brazzaville), Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. One of the reports objectives is to effectively assess the benefits of the international timber trade on local communities. It looks into each country case to analyze the role of transnational corporations, of multilateral and bilateral creditors and national governments, in view of the expansion of forest commercial exploitation. Some of the aspects reviewed are the capacity of these African national governments to enforce forestry legislation, the timber industry's response to weak enforcement and the lack of transparency and democracy. The report concludes that private companies are logging illegally on a significant scale and national governments are using logging concessions to develop and maintain their various patronage networks. In this context, local communities are becoming more marginalised, their rights being undermined and livelihood opportunities threatened. This report is third in a series which focuses on the social, environmental, economic and political impacts of transnational corporations (TNC's) on forests and forest peoples.
Keywords: Africa/Cameroon/communities/concessions/ forests/trade/transnational corporations/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Global Witness 1995, Forests, famine and war. The key to Cambodia's future
Abstract: This briefing document prepared by Global Witness reveals the architects and beneficiaries of Cambodia's timber trade, including the Royal Government of Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge, and its effect on the environment and the human population
Keywords: Cambodia/forests/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Global Witness 1997, Just deserts for Cambodia? Deforestation and the Co-Prime Ministers' legacy to the country
Abstract: This document is a review of the developments in the forestry sector in Cambodia over the previous year. The report gives evidence in relation to the hard work of many individuals and agencies within the Royal Government of Cambodia and the international community, that have resulted in significant improvements in forest policy reform, but that the forests continued to be destroyed with the sanction of the co-Prime Ministers and the power of the armed forces
Keywords: Cambodia/communities/deforestation/forest policy/forestry reform/forests/timber trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Global Witness 1997, A tug of war. The struggle to protect Cambodia's forests
Abstract: This document highlights significant events surrounding the Cambodian forest policy in 1996 and follows the government's progress in implementing the pledges it made at the Tokyo Consultative Group meeting in July 1996. It goes on to report on the efficacy of the timber ban, the role of the other regional governments and raises concerns on activities of foreign concessionaires within the country
Keywords: Cambodia/forest policy/forests/timber trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Hirakuri, S. R. 2003, Can law save the forests? Lessons from Finland and Brazil , Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).
Abstract: Forests provide mankind with a wide range of economic, social and environmental benefits. However, the forests are increasingly being threatened by unsustainable logging practices. Rampant deforestation in the tropics and international pressures has led governments of tropical forest countries to take actions to promote forest management of natural forests. However, in most countries forest management has been implemented improperly. Thus, low compliance with existing forest management laws rather than lack of law is often a leading cause of unsustainable forestry practices. This study examines the contrast of Brazil, a low compliance country, with Finland, the most successful country. Focus is given to the Finnish model of forestry law enforcement, concentrating on factors that can be adapted to Brazil and other tropical forest countries. Some specific recommendations have been drawn from this cross-case study. These lessons might be useful for Brazil and other tropical forest countries which are trying to improve their forestry law enforcement system.
Keywords: Brazil/deforestation/Finland/forest law enforcement/forests/law enforcement/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Jarvie, J., Kanaan, R., Malley, M., Roule, T., & Thomson, J. 2003, Conflict timber: Dimensions of the problem in Asia and Africa. Volume 2: Asian cases. Final report submitted to the United States Agency for International Development. ARD, Inc
Abstract: The Indonesian country case study and nine desk studies included in this volume document the ways conflict timber currently poses critical problems in several Asian countries, notably Indonesia, Burma, Nepal, Vietnam and, to a lesser extent, Afghanistan. Conflicts financed by timber or conflicts over control of forests and forest resources have often erupted in violence. Indonesia counts the most active conflict timber incidents in today's Asia, where conflict timber deaths, injuries and destruction of property are nearly daily events
Keywords: Afghanistan/Africa/Asia/Burma/conflict timber/forests/illegal logging/Indonesia/Nepal/Vietnam/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Le Billon, P. 2000, "The political ecology of transition in Cambodia 1989-1999: war, peace and forest exploitation", Development and Change , vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 785-805.
Abstract: This article explores the social networks and power politics shaping forest exploitation in Cambodia, with the aim of casting light on the politics of transition. It also scrutinizes the unintended consequences of the international community's discourse of democracy, good governance, and sustainable development on forest access rights. The commoditisation of Cambodian forests is interpreted as a process of transforming nature into money through a political ecology of transition that legitimates an exclusionary form of capitalism.
Keywords: Cambodia/forests/governance/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Rodenburg, E., Kristensen, P., Maddox, D., & Ottke, C. 2000, Monitoring for impact: lessons on natural resource monitoring from 13 NGO's , World Resources Institute, Conservation International.
Abstract: This Handbook includes the natural resource and forest monitoring work of 13 non-governmental organizations (NGO's). Each of the organizations provide case studies describing lessons they learned form monitoring natural resources, especially forests. The handbook contains basic instruction and principals on monitoring and it presents an integrated framework for creating and implementing natural resources monitoring programs; as well as a conceptual and methodological framework for aiding in future monitoring projects. The handbook stresses the importance NGO's play in providing important information on the status of natural resources and on government and private industry activities that will in turn help societies improve their natural resource management. Monitoring for Impact is a product of the combined efforts of the World Resources Institute's (WRI) Global Forest Watch program and Conservation International's (CI) Monitoring and Evaluation program.

• Association for the Protection of Environment and Culture (APEC), Nepal
• Center for Environment and Development (CED), Cameroon
• Comite Nacional Pro Defensa de la Fauana y Flora (CODEFF), Chile
• Conservation International - Bolivia/ Guatemala/ Washington D.C.
• Environmental Rights Action, Nigeria
• Fiends of the Earth - Amazonia Programme, Brazil
• Global Witness, UK based
• Institute for Social and Environmental Studies of Southern Bahia (IESB), Brazil
• Le Pou D' Agouti, French Guiana
• Sierra Legal Defence Fund (SLDF) and British Columbia Forest Watch, Canada
• Telapak, Indonesia

Keywords: British Columbia/Cameroon/forest monitoring/forests/Indonesia/monitoring/natural resources/Nepal/NGO's/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Van Dam, C. 2002, La economía de la certificación forestal: ¿desarrollo sostenible para quien? Ponencia a ser presentada al Congreso Iberoamericano de Desarrollo y Medio Ambiente "Desafíos locales ante la globalización", 8 y 9 de noviembre de 2002 - FLACSO-Quito, Ecuador
Abstract: The document does a critique of forest certification as a market mechanism that has searched for answers to the forest problems in Latin America. The author reviews the growth of certification in the world in the last 10 years, comparing the experiences form countries in the South and Northern hemisphere. Some of the issues dealt with are:

• The unequal economic benefits form certification.
• The costs of certification and the dissociation between these and the beneficiaries.
• Certification standards. Should they be the same for all?
• Certification in natural forests vs. plantations
• Certification in the context of community and indigenous management of forest resources.
• The role of northern environmental NGO's in Forest certification issues
  (document available in Spanish)

Keywords: certification/communities/Ecuador/forest certification/forests/Latin America/NGO's/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140