Resources

Bibliography compiled by Lorena Ibargüen Tinley in 2004. A-Z by country and subject:

• Africa
• Cambodia
• Cameroon
• Certification
• CITES
• Communities
• Concessions
• Corruption
• Deforestation
• Ecuador
• FLEG
• Forest Crimes
• Forest Law
• Forest Law Enforcement
• Forest Policy
• Forests
• Global Witness
• Governance
• Illegal Logging
• Illegal Timber Trade
• Independent Forest Monitoring
• Indonesia
• Kimberley Process
• Law Enforcement
• Monitoring
• Participation
• Philippines
• Trade

Also on this site

• ODI Opinions 26 by Adrian Wells and David Brown: Illegal logging: who gains from tighter controls?

Related links

• illegal-logging.info

2003, Africa Ministerial Declaration. Africa Forest Law Enforcement and Governance (AFLEG). Yaounde, Cameroon: October/2003
Abstract: The declaration deals with strengthening of institutional reforms in the forest sector in Africa concerning aspects of good governance. Some of the points the ministers agreed upon are: the mobilisation of financial resources for forest law enforcement, promotion of alternative economic opportunities for communities dependent on forest resources, cooperation between law enforcement agencies, involvement of stakeholders including local communities in decision making in the forestry sector, participation of the rural population in management of forest resources, promotion of transparent information, adaptation of policies in the rural sector, particularly land allocation policies
Keywords: Africa/forest law enforcement/governance/illegal logging/Project - SO140/Verifor Bibliography

2003, East Asia Ministerial Conference. Forest Law Enforcement and Governance. Bali, Indonesia: May/4/2003
Abstract: The conference declaration recognized the need to take immediate action to intensify national, as well as bilateral and regional efforts to address violations of forest law and forest crime, in particular illegal logging, and associated illegal trade and corruption. Some of the activities that the declaration promoted are: exchange of experience and information, cooperation among law enforcement authorities, involvement of stakeholders, and improving economic opportunities for those relying on forest resources, among others. In order to proceed with the implementation of such actions, the declaration called for the creation of a regional task force on forest law enforcement and governance, as well as an advisory group to the regional taskforce
Keywords: corruption/East Asia/forest law enforcement/governance/illegal logging/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Acosta, R. 2004, Multisectoral forest protection initiatives. Presentation from the Director of Forest Management Bureau of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Philippines
Abstract: The Forest Protection Committees are involved in forest law enforcement activities, promoting sustainable forest management and preventing illegal logging operations in the Philippines. This power point presentation summarizes key elements, such as membership and major roles and functions of the two main forest protection initiatives:

• The Multisectoral Forest Protection Committees &
• The Forest Protection Committees in Community-Based Forest Management

Keywords: forest law/forest law enforcement/illegal logging/law enforcement/Philippines/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Brack, D., Marijnissen, C., & Ozinga, S. 2002, Controlling Imports of illegal timber. Options for Europe , The Royal Institute of International Affairs and FERN.
Abstract: This report presents a series of recommendations for the institutions of the European Union (EU) on means to control the import of illegally source timber and wood products into the territory. It identifies existing legislation that may be applicable in controlling imports, looks at ways of promoting legal products in the market and of controlling flows of investment to potentially illegal forestry activities; examines existing global frameworks that may be applicable; analyses new approaches that are currently being discussed, in particular the option of the new EU legislation, including a licensing scheme for legal timber; and considers the practical issues, including identification systems, that must be addressed.
The document points out the following measures that should be adopted as key priorities for action:

• Adopt new EU legislation to ban the entry of illegally produced timber in the EU. This should include establishing systems to identify legal production in producer countries and requirement for evidence of legal production to be presented at the point of import into the EU.
• Provide capacity-building assistance to developing countries to establish legality verification systems to reform their forestry sectors and possible forestry laws.
• Use government procurement policy to source legal and sustainable products,
• Regulate sources of finance for the forestry industry, steering investment flows away form potentially illegal activities
• Where possible, use existing legislation on illegal goods and money laundering to target illegal timber.

Keywords: certification/CITES/EU policy/forest legislation/government procurement/illegal logging/independent monitoring/money laundering/OECD Convention on Bribery and Corruption/The Kimberley Process/trade/US Lacey Act/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Brack, D., Gray, K., & Hayman, G. 2002, Controlling the international trade in iIlegally logged timber and wood products. A study prepared for the UK Department of International Development
Abstract: This report examines the means by which the international trade in illegally logged timber and wood products can be controlled. It describes how importing and consuming governments might establish and operate a system for denying market access to timber and wood products produced and exported illegally. The main issues looked into by the study are:

• Identifying legal production. Including monitoring and verification schemes, as well as experiences from timber certification schemes.
• Closing markets to illegal products by voluntary means, tariff preferences, government procurement polices
• International cooperation through bilateral, regional or multilateral agreements
• WTO implications
• Anti-corruption and money laundering initiatives

The major conclusion to the study is that solutions to the problem of illegal logging and the trade in illegally logged timber will not be easy to implement, they will require action across a wide variety of fields, legal, financial, diplomatic and technical. Yet they are not impossible; solutions do exist, and can be implemented by those who display the political will to do so.
Keywords: certification/government procurement/illegal logging/money laundering/monitoring/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Brack, D., Marijnissen, C., & Ozinga, S. 2002, Controlling Imports of illegal timber. Options for Europe , The Royal Institute of International Affairs and FERN.
Abstract: This report presents a series of recommendations for the institutions of the European Union (EU) on means to control the import of illegally source timber and wood products into the territory. It identifies existing legislation that may be applicable in controlling imports, looks at ways of promoting legal products in the market and of controlling flows of investment to potentially illegal forestry activities; examines existing global frameworks that may be applicable; analyses new approaches that are currently being discussed, in particular the option of the new EU legislation, including a licensing scheme for legal timber; and considers the practical issues, including identification systems, that must be addressed. The document points out the following measures that should be adopted as key priorities for action: ùAdopt new EU legislation to ban the entry of illegally produced timber in the EU. This should include establishing systems to identify legal production in producer countries and requirement for evidence of legal production to be presented at the point of import into the EU. ùProvide capacity-building assistance to developing countries to establish legality verification systems to reform their forestry sectors and possible forestry laws. ùUse government procurement policy to source legal and sustainable products, ùRegulate sources of finance for the forestry industry, steering investment flows away form potentially illegal activities ùWhere possible, use existing legislation on illegal goods and money laundering to target illegal timber
Keywords: certification/CITES/EU policy/forest legislation/government procurement/illegal logging/independent monitoring/money laundering/OECD Convention on Bribery and Corruption/The Kimberley Process/trade/US Lacey Act/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Brown, D. & Wells, A. 2004, Illegal logging: who gains from tighter controls?
Abstract: This policy brief describes some of the main factors that contribute to illegality in the forest sector and point out some of the main aspects that need to be implemented in order to combat illegal logging. Illegality in the forestry sector is widespread due to:

• weak environmental ministries that do not have enough strength or budget to adequately control forest industry and production
• powerful economic groups that benefit form illegal logging
• difficulties associated to regulating a industry that is often in a isolated environment
• strict legislation (permit procedures, field level monitoring, enforcement), causing high costs for producers who need to access the market and facilitate government documentation.

What is needed? The authors stress the need to reform the regulatory framework for the industry and reduce transaction costs, while targeting institutional corruption as well through:

• strengthening of land rights
• simplification of administrative procedures
• access to information and greater transparency
• awareness in consumer markets

The promotion of sustainable forest management that will be more prone to exclude free riders from the market place.
Keywords: corruption/illegal logging/monitoring/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Brown, D., Luttrell, C., Casson, A., Crurz, R., & Fomete, T. 2004, Forest law enforcement and governance: the role of independent monitors in the control of forest crime
Abstract: Illegal logging is an issue of major national and international concern. Combating illegal logging depends on effective enforcement operations to ensure compliance and identify forest crime. Independent monitors have an important role in "monitoring the monitors" and verifying legality. This briefing paper examines the part that external agencies can play in supporting this work. Drawing on a number of recent experiences, consideration is given to the way in which independent monitoring might be structured, and some of the issues which need to be borne in mind when decisions are made as to what forms of monitoring to deploy
Keywords: forest law enforcement/governance/illegal logging/independent monitoring/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Colchester, M., Boscolo, M., Lescuyer, G., Kill, J., Obidzinsky, K., Sembiring, S., Vargas Rios, M. T., & Wells, A. 2003, Forest law enforcement and rural livelihoods: synthesis report. DFID/ PROFOR/ COFPR
Abstract: In many recent international forums and summits (G-8 Summits, United Nations Forum on Forests, Ministerial Meeting in Bali, International Tropical Timber Council meeting, among others) there has been an emphasis on the need for better forest law enforcement, in order to curb forest loss, capture revenues for national governments and improve governance within the sector. There has been, nevertheless, less interest in the evaluation of the impacts of illegal logging and forest law enforcement policies on rural livelihoods. The main objective of this paper is to look into these two crucial issues. The paper is based on six country case studies in: Cameroon, Indonesia, Canada, Honduras, Nicaragua and Bolivia.
The paper starts by looking into the figures of forest dependant communities in the world, and then proceeds on the analysis of the forestry legal framework of each country, pointing out that customary forest access regimes are usually superimposed by national laws. It looks into the political economy of illegal logging; and describes some previous experiences of forest law enforcement. It finishes with a list of various recommendations on law enforcement initiatives that should contribute effectively to poverty alleviation, identify and correct unfair legal frameworks as well as point to effective law enforcement activities. Some of these are:

• Adoption of a rights based approach to forest law enforcement
• Linkage to governance reforms programmes
• Strengthen linkages to civil society for monitoring and awareness building
• Assessments of how forest dependant groups use forests and extent to which laws secure such activities.
• Participation of communities in designing and applying enforcement strategies
• Simplification of bureaucratic, fiscal, management, planning and legislative requirements.
• Transparency

Keywords: Bolivia/Cameroon/Canada/communities/forest law enforcement/governance/ Honduras/ illegal logging/Indonesia/Nicaragua/rural livelihoods/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Contreras-Hermosilla, A. & Global Witness 2003, Strategies to reduce legal barriers in the forestry sector
Abstract: This paper examines strategies and methods to combat illegal logging and the black market in forest products. The author divides these strategies in 5 major groups:

• reform of the political and legal framework,
• strengthening government institutions,
• measures to improve the interface between government and the private sector,
• providing better information and data concerning the management of national forest resources and
• better use of international schemes and agreements.

These methods and strategies, the author states, should be analyzed and implemented in the light of each particular national context.
Keywords: forest policy/illegal logging/strategies for forest law enforcement/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Contreras-Hermosilla, A. 2004, Forest law compliance , World Bank.
Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the magnitude, causes and possible solutions to the problem of illegal logging, which the author states, are common everywhere. It looks at available evidence on the magnitude and impacts of illegal acts, the vulnerabilities of the forest sector, and proposes a strategy for combating forest crime. This strategy rests on three pillars:

• an assessment of the governance situation of the country,
• streamlining the policy framework, and
• focusing operational activities around a prevention detection and suppression framework.

Keywords: forest law/forest policy/governance/illegal logging/law enforcement/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Currey, D., Lawson, S., Newman, J., & Ruwindrijarto, A. 2001, Timber trafficking. Illegal logging in Indonesia's, South East Asia and international consumption of illegally sourced timber , Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) and Telapak, Indonesia.
Abstract: This report unravels the links between illegal logging and the massive demand for cheap and plentiful tropical timber in the consuming markets of the US, European Union, Japan and China. It gives an overview of illegal logging activities within South- East Asia, highlighting the regional situation, where illegal timber flows across borders and is then legitimized by paperwork that masks its true origin -from Indonesia to Malaysia, Singapore and China, from Cambodia to Thailand and Vietnam and from Burma to China. The document goes on to demonstrate this situation by detailing on a case study of illegal trade in Ramin timber.
The report concludes with some possible policy solutions that could help curb the illegal sourcing and trade of tropical timber:

• The use of existing international agreements (CITES),
• Procurement policies,
• Industry initiatives,
• New legislation,
• Improved border controls,
• Regional co-operation and
• Strengthening civil society and law enforcement.

The report finalizes with a series of recommendations for major timber importing nations and for timber producing nations in South-East Asia.
Keywords: Cambodia/East Asia/illegal logging/Indonesia/international agreements/law enforcement/Malaysia/Southeast Asia/trade/Vietnam/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Currey, D., Doherty, F., Lawson, S., Newman, J., Yayat, M. A., Hapsoro Minangsari, M., & Valentinus, A. 2002, Above the law. Corruption, collusion, nepotism and the fate of Indonesia's forests , Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) and Telapak, Indonesia.
Abstract: This report highlights the problem of illegal logging and issues such as corruption, bribery, fraud and violence. The document concludes that the government of Indonesia has failed to crack down on illegal logging due to endemic corruption in the enforcement and judicial authorities. It points out nevertheless, that there are reformists officials in the Ministry of Forestry that have taken some courageous decisions to stop the problem despite enormous pressure used against him. The report finalizes with recommendations to the government of Indonesia and to the international community, some of which are summarized as follows:

• Immediate suspension and investigation of enforcement officers suspected of aiding and abetting illegal activities
• A national independent forest crimes unit must be formed from selected honest investigators, prosecutors and judges
• The business activities of the military must be made transparent and accountable
• Timber consuming countries must enact new legislation to prevent the import of illegally sourced timber and timber products.
• Financial and technical support must be provided to the government of Indonesia to tackle judicial reform.

Keywords: communities/corruption/forest crimes/illegal logging/Indonesia/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Development Alternatives Inc. 1998, Results of the national assessment on illegal logging, processing and timber exports in Cambodia. Log monitoring and logging control project. Submitted to royal Government of Cambodia. Ministry of Economy and Finance & Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Abstract: This report is a preliminary assessment of the sale of illegal logging in Cambodia from November 1997 to February 1998. It includes research methodology, calculation on the volume of illegal timber traded in 1997, a summary of the illegal activities in the commercial forestry sector, descriptions of the main illegal export routs, the conditions facilitating illegal logs and sawn wood exports, and introduction to the key stakeholders and four regional reports which highlight the differences in the illegal timber trade between regions
Keywords: Cambodia/illegal logging/illegal timber trade/monitoring/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Environmental Investigation Agency & Telapak, I. 2000, Illegal logging in Tanjung Puting National Park. An update on the final cut report
Abstract: This expands on previous report denouncing of illegal logging in National Parks in Indonesia. The document goes on to condemn the failure of the government to fulfil its promises to deal with illegal logging. It informs that illegal logging is on the increase and that around 70% of timber in the country is from illegal sources. It further develops the dangers of deforestation on local communities as well as the threats on biodiversity, specifically the case of the orang-utan, in which case their number have declined so much that their status is being reassessed to hold them under the "critically endangered" species. The report finalizes with recommendations to the government of Indonesia and the international community
Keywords: communities/deforestation/illegal logging/Indonesia/orangutan/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Environmental Investigation Agency & Telapak, I. 2002, Illegal logging and the international trade in illegally sourced timber: How CITES can help and why it should. A briefing for the 12th Conference of the parties to CITES
Abstract: This briefing is based on the premise that much of the illegally sourced wood in international markets is from tree species which are threatened or endangered in the wild. Therefore, the authors argue, CITES is currently the only legal tool available which allows producer and consumer governments to stop trade in illegal wood
Keywords: CITES/illegal logging/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Forest Integrity Network 2003, "Business principles and forest corruption", FIN Newsletter no. 6, October 2003.
Abstract: The FIN Newsletter includes information on corporate social responsibility (CSR) management as an emerging and promising tool to deter illegal logging and associated corruption. The CSR program is defined as a voluntary effort by companies to adopt accepted principles for responsible conduct of businesses. It then looks at the case of Ecuador's National Outsource Forest Control System and the threat which exists as a Constitutional Tribune declared the forest control system to be unconstitutional. The third topic informs about the Royal Institute of International Affairs (RIIA) workshop on finance and illegal logging. Finally, there is information on the World Bank's activities to support containment of illegal activities within the forest sector
Keywords: corruption/Ecuador/illegal logging/Transparency International/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Forest Trends 2000, Strategies to combat illegal logging and forest crime
Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the magnitude of illegal logging, strategies to combat it as well as innovative approaches. The author distinguishes between the different types of illegal logging:

1. commercial-scale logging,
2. small-scale community- level practices and
3. armed conflict situations.

Keywords: communities/illegal logging/strategies for combat of illegal logging/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Global Witness 1996, Cambodia, where money grows on trees. Continuing abuses of Cambodia's forest policy
Abstract: This document compares the promises made by the Royal Government of Cambodia at the 1996 Consultative Group meeting with the actions taken by the government in the following months. It looks into the Thai companies that have forestry activities in Cambodia, the illegal logging and timber movements into Laos and Thailand, as well as the role of the Steering Committee established to oversee forest policy
Keywords: Cambodia/forest policy/illegal logging/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Global Witness 1998, Going places...Cambodia's future on the move
Abstract: A review of the developments in the forestry sector in Cambodia in 1997. The report notes that the rate of forest destruction accelerated following the July 1997 coup d'etat, in part due to the high costs being borne by the political parties in the lead up to the election
Keywords: Cambodia/corruption/forest policy/illegal logging/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Global Witness 1999, Made in Vietnam - cut in Cambodia. How the garden furniture trade is destroying rainforests
Abstract: This report exposes the illegal trade in Cambodian timber to Vietnam, where it is made into garden furniture and then exported to European high street stores
Keywords: Cambodia/corruption/illegal logging/trade/Vietnam/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Global Witness 2000, Chainsaws speak louder than words
Abstract: A review of the developments in Cambodia's forestry sector in the previous year, including an analysis of the Royal Government of Cambodia's compliance with the 17 points of the January 1999 crackdown
Keywords: Cambodia/forest crimes/forestry reform/illegal logging/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Global Witness 2001, The credibility gap and the need to bridge it. Increasing the pace of forestry reform in Cambodia
Abstract: This briefing document reviews the developments in the forestry sector in Cambodia over the year 2000, detailing incidents of illegal logging throughout the country. It examines the role of the Royal Government of Cambodia in the forestry reform process and points out that although there has been significant progress, there are still many issues that need to be dealt with. The report mentions among the positive aspects the formation of the Forest Crime Monitoring Unit (FCMU), the commitment to passing new forestry laws, and establishing new concession agreements. Nevertheless, there are still problems related to impunity and corruption. The report highlights an important contradiction: while the military is still in control of illegal logging activities, it is given the task of combating it
Keywords: Cambodia/corruption/forestry reform/illegal logging/monitoring/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Global Witness 2002, Deforestation without limits. How the Cambodian government failed to tackle the untouchables. Report, August 2001 - April 2002
Abstract: This briefing document contains information relating to illegal logging reports submitted to the Royal Government of Cambodia between August 2001 and April 2002 by Global Witness acting in its capacity as Independent Monitor. Also included in this briefing document is a summary of the government action taken upon receipt of each report and Global Witness' assessment of this action. The reports conclusion is that the biggest obstacle for sound forest management in Cambodia remains the flawed concession system. The information in the report highlights that the companies continue to operate with impunity, unaffected by the reform agenda
Keywords: Cambodia/deforestation/illegal logging/independent forest monitoring/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Global Witness 2002, Forest law enforcement in Cameroon. 1st summary report of the Independent Observer, May - November 2001
Abstract: The project of Independent Observation in support of Forest Law Enforcement in Cameroon was established in May 2001. Its aim is to improve governance and transparency in the forest sector, which has been acknowledged to be seriously affected by corruption and poor practices. The international NGO, Global Witness, was appointed Independent Observer (IO) in May 2002 for up to three years until an international bid takes place to fulfil the post. This is the first major report by Global Witness as the IO, and as such, it gives an overview of the project, its conception, objectives and the progress that has been achieved during the initial six-month transition phase. The document concludes that this initiative is a positive step forward in the fight against corruption and illegal logging. However, the credibility gained, the assumed political will and commitment to transparency, should be contrasted with the lack of action taken against major logging companies. Enforcement remains to be demonstrated by the Government by the application of significant sanctions
Keywords: Cameroon/corruption/forest law/forest law enforcement/governance/illegal logging/law enforcement/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Global Witness 2003, Forest law enforcement in Cameroon. 2nd summary report of the Independent Observer, December 2001 - June 2003
Abstract: This Report is the second of its kind, since Global Witness was appointed IO and includes an overview of the project of Independent Observation, a progress review of the objectives of the Project, the Independent Observers mandate, and a description of its activities. Its major conclusion is that during the first two years of work the Independent Observer has been able to attain greater access to documentation, has completed 35 field missions documenting in detail major and minor infractions and has published all related reports. This achievement however, has not concluded in the pursuit of these cases to their legal resolution. The issuing of official statements of offence and prosecution for illegal logging has increased since the beginning of the Project, but despite this cases of illegal logging remain unresolved
Keywords: Cameroon/corruption/forest law/forest law enforcement/governance/illegal logging/independent forest monitoring/law enforcement/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Gupta, A. & Siebert, U. 2004, "Combating forest corruption: the Forest Integrity Network", Journal of Sustainable Forestry , vol. 19, no. 1-3, pp. 337-349.
Abstract: This article describes the strategies and activities of the Forest Integrity Network (FIN), which is a new initiative to combat forest corruption. Its approach is to form global multi-stakeholder coalitions between the civil, private and public sectors and to create synergies between organizations fighting corruption, like Transparency International, and actors concerned with forest conservation and sustainable use. The article describes FIN's current activities which include:

1. an analysis of the relevance of TI's corruption fighting tools dealing with forest sector corruption,
2. a future Forest corruption Fighters' Toolkit;
3. conceptual frameworks for comparative analysis.

Keywords: corruption/Forest Integrity Network/illegal logging/multi-stakeholder coalitions/Transparency International/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Jarvie, J., Kanaan, R., Malley, M., Roule, T., & Thomson, J. 2003, Conflict timber: Dimensions of the problem in Asia and Africa. Volume 2: Asian cases. Final report submitted to the United States Agency for International Development. ARD, Inc
Abstract: The Indonesian country case study and nine desk studies included in this volume document the ways conflict timber currently poses critical problems in several Asian countries, notably Indonesia, Burma, Nepal, Vietnam and, to a lesser extent, Afghanistan. Conflicts financed by timber or conflicts over control of forests and forest resources have often erupted in violence. Indonesia counts the most active conflict timber incidents in today's Asia, where conflict timber deaths, injuries and destruction of property are nearly daily events.
Keywords: Afghanistan/Africa/Asia/Burma/conflict timber/forests/illegal logging/Indonesia/ Nepal/ Vietnam/ Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Kaimowitz, D. 2003, "Forest law enforcement and rural livelihoods", International Forestry Review, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 199-210.
Abstract: This article points to two aspects of forest law enforcement that tend to be overlooked: i) enforcement of forestry laws do not necessarily contribute to the strengthening or rural livelihoods and ii) legal forest management does not necessarily mean sustainable forest management. The author gives various examples of how the relationship between forest law enforcement and improved rural livelihoods are not as straightforward as would be assumed. Nevertheless, the widespread violation of existing forest laws and regulations does have major negative impacts on forests, livelihoods, public revenues and rule of law; therefore there is a need to do something about it. The author presents some key points for forestry law reform that can curtail the negative effects of illegal logging without affecting rural livelihoods, for example: simplifying administrative and technical requirements, strengthening of local communities, clear and accessible legal mechanisms, transparency of government information among others.
Keywords: forest law enforcement/illegal logging/livelihoods/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Lawson, S. 2004, Profiting from plunder. How Malaysia smuggles endangered wood , Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) & Telapak
Abstract: This document exposes forest crime activities in Malaysia and Indonesia. It reports on the largest ever smuggling operation of the valuable and protected tree species Ramin to Malaysia. The evidence shows Indonesia's continuing failure to bring to justice timber barons who supply and transport illegal timber and Malaysia's complicity in protecting its own Ramin processing industry.
Keywords: corruption/forest crimes/illegal logging/Indonesia/Malaysia/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Marijnissen, C., Ozinga, S., Richards, B., & Risso, S. 2004, Facing reality. How to halt the import of illegal timber in the EU , FERN, Greenpeace, WWF.
Abstract: This study focuses on the problems illegal logging brings about, and the role the EU plays as a major buyer of illegally sourced timber. The authors describe how illegal logging contributes to deforestation and loss of biodiversity; fuels civil wars and threatens international security through bribery, organized crime and human rights abuses; cuts tax revenue of producer countries; destabilizes international markets and undermines both legitimate business and responsible forest management. It is an international problem that needs solutions from both producer and buyer countries, but the EU does not have the legal means to halt the import of illegal timber. The study does an analysis of the international framework (FLEG process, G8 meetings) as well as relevant EU legislation. In the last section it deals with actions need to stop this problem and reviews CITES, procurement policies, the need for regulating the financial sector, customs cooperation, licensing schemes, independent monitoring among others
Keywords: CITES/deforestation/FLEG/illegal logging/independent monitoring/licensing schemes/monitoring/procurement policies/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Newman, J., Rwindrijarto, A., Currey, D., & Hapsoro 1999, The final cut. Illegal logging in Indonesia's Orangutan Parks , Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) and Telapak Indonesia
Abstract: This report denounces illegal logging activities in two of Indonesia's most important protected areas, Tanjung Puting National Park and Gunung Leuser National Park. It condemns the role of local timber barons, members of the military, police and the forest department involved in the pillaging of the forest. It presents information on the scale of illegal logging, the threat to biodiversity and gives an overview of the legal forest reform process. The document ends with a series of recommendations that include: immediate investigation and prosecution of owners of sawmills proven to be acting illegally, the passing of an alternative forestry law, investigation into corruption of the authorities, and the responsibility the international community must take for their consumption of illegally produced timber from Indonesia, among others.
Keywords: corruption/deforestation/illegal logging/Indonesia/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Royal Institute of International Affairs (RIIA) 2003, UK Government Forest Law Enforcement and Governance Programme, Assessment. Workshop proceedings, Monday 1st of December 2003. RIIA, Chatham House, 10 St James Square, London
Abstract: This document summarized key issues discussed in the UK Government Forest Law Enforcement and Governance Programme Assessment, which had the objective of gathering views on whether the original aims and elements of the programme were still valid after a first year of activities. The discussion was organized into four main groups comprising the following:

1. I ndonesia-UK Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). The main issues discussed were the immediate need for a workable national definition of legality, the impacts of both logging and enforcement on the poor, law enforcement and corruption measures, the need for policy coherence, trade measures, among others. One of the main conclusions was that the MoU's main weakness was its limited geographical reach.
2. The Regional Forest Law Enforcement and Governance Process (FLEG) - In the debate over the FLEG process the key themes were donor leverage, the vital importance of monitoring and follow up, the lack of political will in producer countries and the need to clarify aims.
3. Timber industry and private sector initiatives - The main topics were the need for definitions of legality, certification schemes, costs, consumer education, market-based approaches vs. government action and the impact of plantation forestry.
4. Research Agenda and Systems Development - The main issue was the dialogue around independent monitoring schemes like the work done by Global Witness as well as the experiences by SGS. The key themes were the need for coordination, coherence and cross-referencing of research to create a strategic framework, and using legislation in innovative ways.

Keywords: certification/corruption/FLEG/forest law/ forest law enforcement/governance/illegal logging/independent monitoring/Indonesia-UK MoU/law enforcement/ monitoring/ SGS/trade/ Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Saunders, J. 2002, Capturing the Profits of Illegal Logging and the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 , RIIA
Abstract: A meeting was held on 18th March 2002 to assess the possible applicability and usefulness of the UK Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 in capturing the profits of illegal logging. The meeting explored the circumstances under which this legislation can be used effectively against the proceeds of illegal logging which is carried out overseas but where the proceeds are disposed of in the UK
Keywords: corruption/Crime Act 2002/illegal logging/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Saunders, J. 2003, Sources of investment for forestry: preventing flows of finance to illegal activities. Proceeds from meeting that took place the 5th of September 2003 at the Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House, 10 St James Square, London
Abstract: This document synthesizes the proceeds from a meeting organized by the Sustainable Development Programme of RIIA on the issue of reducing illegal logging via pressures related to international finance. The document starts with the comments and main points of a paper presented, titled: "Sources of Investment for Forestry: Preventing Flows of Finance to Illegal Activities," by Van Gelder, J.W.; Richert, W. & Walder, E. It continues with the summary of the main points from the participants presentations, who were invited to outline their work in the area of finance and forestry.

• Ronald Offrell, of April (a leading pulp and paper company with concessions in Indonesia)
• Ruddy Rumuru, of WAWIT Watch Indonesia
• Ugis Rotbergs, of WWF Latvia
• Jon Sohn, of Friends of the Earth US.
• Michelle Chan Fishel, of Finance Watch and Friends of the Earth International
• Bambang Setiono, of CIFOR
• Mark Campnale, of Hendersons Global Investors
• Cinnamon Dornsife, of Forest Trends

Keywords: concessions/illegal logging/Indonesia/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Tacconi, L., Boscolo, M., & Brack, D. 2003, National and international policies to control illegal forest activities. A report prepared for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Japan
Abstract: Illegal forest activities pose a significant threat to the sustainability of forest ecosystems, result in losses of government revenues, foster a vicious cycle of bad governance, and may contribute to increased poverty and social conflict. As such, they have received considerable attention from the international community in recent years. The purpose of this study is to critically examine the range of national and international policy options available to reduce illegal forest activities by:

1. reviewing what is known regarding the nature and extent of the problem,
2. identifying possible policy responses applicable by producer countries, by consumer countries, or via international initiatives, and
3. suggesting possible principles and criteria for further evaluation and selection of policy options.

The document outlines principles and criteria to aid the development of appropriate policy options to reduce illegal forest activities.
Principles:

• Reform efforts should proceed with input from all the important stakeholders
• Property rights of forest must be clarified and resolved
• Streamline the policy and regulatory framework
• Divest certain functions to the private sector, NGO's, civil society and local governments
• Promote integration and coordination with other sectors and with other players, both national and international.

Keywords: CITES/communities/governance/illegal logging/international agreements/Kimberley Process/NGO's/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Thompson, J. & Kanaan, R. 2004, Conflict timber: dimensions of the problem in Asia and Africa. Volume 1: Synthesis report. Final report submitted to the United States Agency for International Development. ARD, Inc
Abstract: USAID contracted ARD to conduct a nine-month-long study on Conflict Timber: Dimensions of the Problem in Asia and Africa. For the purposes of this study conflict timber was divided into two classes, and was defined as: the harvest and sale of timber and other forest products, specifically to finance armed conflict; and rival claims to ownership of, or control over, forest resources, resulting in conflict. This Synthesis Report includes the regional summaries for Africa and Asia as well as key findings. Some of the main findings are:

• there is a strong link between conflict timber and poor inequitable systems of governance
• governments are almost always complicit in conflict timber activities
• loose financial oversight generates incentives for powerful individual actors to engage in conflict timber activities
• ambiguous land / resource tenure promotes struggles over timber

Keywords: Africa/Asia/conflict timber/governance/illegal logging/illegal timber trade,/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Timber, T. F. 2004, Scoping study: sourcing legal timber from Indonesia. Based on a report by the Tropical Forest Trust
Abstract: UK Timber Trade Federation (TTF) members met on June 4th, 2003 to discuss the prospects of securing legal wood from Indonesia. TTF members decided that continuing to trade with Indonesia makes good business as well as good environmental sense provided that TTF members could implement a secure process based on third party audits that will deliver verifiable legal timber. The key objective of the study was to explore and report on the current and future state of legality of existing and potential mills supplying the UK market. Secondary objectives included exploring and reporting on the feasibility of a common framework to assess and verify basic legality in Indonesia. The study includes the TTF's 10 point strategy to promote the sourcing of legal and sustainable timber from Indonesia.
Keywords: certified chain of custody/common auditing framework/illegal logging/Indonesia/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

UK Timber Trade Federation 2004, Sourcing legal timber: the next step. A proposal for a common auditing framework
Abstract: This document is the UK Timber Trade Federation's proposal for the development of a Common Auditing Framework to provide assurances to customers in the supply chain, particularly the UK Government and corporate house builders, that timber products from tropical sources are legal
Keywords: certified chain of custody/common auditing framework/illegal logging/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

WWW Indonesia 2004, Monitoring of illegal operations in Riau, Sumatra. WWF Indonesia Tesso Nilo Programme
Abstract: This document reports the results of spot checks by WWF Indonesia Tesso Nilo Programme Forest Crime Unit in August 2003 and April 2004. The forest crime unit has been active since 2001 and investigates claims regarding illegal logging, and monitors ongoing illegal activities
Keywords: illegal logging/Indonesia/monitoring/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140