Resources

Bibliography compiled by Lorena Ibargüen Tinley in 2004. A-Z by country and subject:

• Africa
• Cambodia
• Cameroon
• Certification
• CITES
• Communities
• Concessions
• Corruption
• Deforestation
• Ecuador
• FLEG
• Forest Crimes
• Forest Law
• Forest Law Enforcement
• Forest Policy
• Forests
• Global Witness
• Governance
• Illegal Logging
• Illegal Timber Trade
• Independent Forest Monitoring
• Indonesia
• Kimberley Process
• Law Enforcement
• Monitoring
• Participation
• Philippines
• Trade

Also on this site

• Regional Activities - Asia
• Verification Case Study - Indonesia

Colchester, M., Boscolo, M., Lescuyer, G., Kill, J., Obidzinsky, K., Sembiring, S., Vargas Rios, M. T., & Wells, A. 2003, Forest law enforcement and rural livelihoods: synthesis report. DFID/ PROFOR/ COFPR
Abstract: In many recent international forums and summits (G-8 Summits, United Nations Forum on Forests, Ministerial Meeting in Bali, International Tropical Timber Council meeting, among others) there has been an emphasis on the need for better forest law enforcement, in order to curb forest loss, capture revenues for national governments and improve governance within the sector. There has been, nevertheless, less interest in the evaluation of the impacts of illegal logging and forest law enforcement policies on rural livelihoods. The main objective of this paper is to look into these two crucial issues. The paper is based on six country case studies in: Cameroon, Indonesia, Canada, Honduras, Nicaragua and Bolivia.
The paper starts by looking into the figures of forest dependant communities in the world, and then proceeds on the analysis of the forestry legal framework of each country, pointing out that customary forest access regimes are usually superimposed by national laws. It looks into the political economy of illegal logging; and describes some previous experiences of forest law enforcement. It finishes with a list of various recommendations on law enforcement initiatives that should contribute effectively to poverty alleviation, identify and correct unfair legal frameworks as well as point to effective law enforcement activities. Some of these are:

• Adoption of a rights based approach to forest law enforcement
• Linkage to governance reforms programmes
• Strengthen linkages to civil society for monitoring and awareness building
• Assessments of how forest dependant groups use forests and extent to which laws secure such activities.
• Participation of communities in designing and applying enforcement strategies
• Simplification of bureaucratic, fiscal, management, planning and legislative requirements.
• Transparency

Keywords: Bolivia/Cameroon/Canada/communities/forest law enforcement/governance/Honduras/illegal logging/Indonesia/Nicaragua/rural livelihoods/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Currey, D., Lawson, S., Newman, J., & Ruwindrijarto, A. 2001, Timber trafficking. Illegal logging in Indonesia's, South East Asia and international consumption of illegally sourced timber , Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) and Telapak, Indonesia.
Abstract: This report unravels the links between illegal logging and the massive demand for cheap and plentiful tropical timber in the consuming markets of the US, European Union, Japan and China. It gives an overview of illegal logging activities within South- East Asia, highlighting the regional situation, where illegal timber flows across borders and is then legitimized by paperwork that masks its true origin -from Indonesia to Malaysia, Singapore and China, from Cambodia to Thailand and Vietnam and from Burma to China. The document goes on to demonstrate this situation by detailing on a case study of illegal trade in Ramin timber.
The report concludes with some possible policy solutions that could help curb the illegal sourcing and trade of tropical timber:

• The use of existing international agreements (CITES),
• Procurement policies,
• Industry initiatives,
• New legislation,
• Improved border controls,
• Regional co-operation and
• Strengthening civil society and law enforcement.

The report finalizes with a series of recommendations for major timber importing nations and for timber producing nations in South-East Asia.
Keywords: Cambodia/East Asia/illegal logging/Indonesia/international agreements/law enforcement/Malaysia/Southeast Asia/trade/Vietnam/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Currey, D., Doherty, F., Lawson, S., Newman, J., Yayat, M. A., Hapsoro Minangsari, M., & Valentinus, A. 2002, Above the law. Corruption, collusion, nepotism and the fate of Indonesia's forests , Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) and Telapak, Indonesia
Abstract: This report highlights the problem of illegal logging and issues such as corruption, bribery, fraud and violence. The document concludes that the government of Indonesia has failed to crack down on illegal logging due to endemic corruption in the enforcement and judicial authorities. It points out nevertheless, that there are reformists officials in the Ministry of Forestry that have taken some courageous decisions to stop the problem despite enormous pressure used against him. The report finalizes with recommendations to the government of Indonesia and to the international community, some of which are summarized as follows:

• Immediate suspension and investigation of enforcement officers suspected of aiding and abetting illegal activities
• A national independent forest crimes unit must be formed from selected honest investigators, prosecutors and judges
• The business activities of the military must be made transparent and accountable
• Timber consuming countries must enact new legislation to prevent the import of illegally sourced timber and timber products.
• Financial and technical support must be provided to the government of Indonesia to tackle judicial reform.

Keywords: communities/corruption/forest crimes/illegal logging/Indonesia/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Environmental Investigation Agency & Telapak, I. 2000, Illegal logging in Tanjung Puting National Park. An update on the final cut report
Abstract: This expands on previous report denouncing of illegal logging in National Parks in Indonesia. The document goes on to condemn the failure of the government to fulfil its promises to deal with illegal logging. It informs that illegal logging is on the increase and that around 70% of timber in the country is from illegal sources. It further develops the dangers of deforestation on local communities as well as the threats on biodiversity, specifically the case of the orang-utan, in which case their number have declined so much that their status is being reassessed to hold them under the "critically endangered" species. The report finalizes with recommendations to the government of Indonesia and the international community
Keywords: communities/deforestation/illegal logging/Indonesia/orangutan/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Jarvie, J., Kanaan, R., Malley, M., Roule, T., & Thomson, J. 2003, Conflict timber: Dimensions of the problem in Asia and Africa. Volume 2: Asian cases. Final report submitted to the United States Agency for International Development. ARD, Inc
Abstract: The Indonesian country case study and nine desk studies included in this volume document the ways conflict timber currently poses critical problems in several Asian countries, notably Indonesia, Burma, Nepal, Vietnam and, to a lesser extent, Afghanistan. Conflicts financed by timber or conflicts over control of forests and forest resources have often erupted in violence. Indonesia counts the most active conflict timber incidents in today's Asia, where conflict timber deaths, injuries and destruction of property are nearly daily events
Keywords: Afghanistan/Africa/Asia/Burma/conflict timber/forests/illegal logging/Indonesia/Nepal/Vietnam/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Lawson, S. 2004, Profiting from plunder. How Malaysia smuggles endangered wood , Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) & Telapak
Abstract: This document exposes forest crime activities in Malaysia and Indonesia. It reports on the largest ever smuggling operation of the valuable and protected tree species Ramin to Malaysia. The evidence shows Indonesia's continuing failure to bring to justice timber barons who supply and transport illegal timber and Malaysia's complicity in protecting its own Ramin processing industry
Keywords: corruption/forest crimes/illegal logging/Indonesia/Malaysia/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Newman, J., Rwindrijarto, A., Currey, D., & Hapsoro 1999, The final cut. Illegal logging in Indonesia's Orangutan Parks , Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) and Telapak Indonesia
Abstract: This report denounces illegal logging activities in two of Indonesia's most important protected areas, Tanjung Puting National Park and Gunung Leuser National Park. It condemns the role of local timber barons, members of the military, police and the forest department involved in the pillaging of the forest. It presents information on the scale of illegal logging, the threat to biodiversity and gives an overview of the legal forest reform process. The document ends with a series of recommendations that include: immediate investigation and prosecution of owners of sawmills proven to be acting illegally, the passing of an alternative forestry law, investigation into corruption of the authorities, and the responsibility the international community must take for their consumption of illegally produced timber from Indonesia, among others
Keywords: corruption/deforestation/illegal logging/Indonesia/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Oliva, R. 2004, Sustainable forest management through multisectoral forest protection committees: Philippine experience
Abstract: The creation of Multisectoral Forest Protection Committees (MFPCs) aims to bring forest protection to the grassroots by involving various sectors of the community. It is based on the thesis that for forest management to be effective it must be anchored on total community involvement. MFPCsl provide the forum where sectors from the communities and government agencies combine to take action together on forest protection issues. Through the MFPC's, communities are directly involved in forest protection from barangay to national level. This short text gives a general overview of the Multisectoral Forest Protection Committee Program in Indonesia, including legislation and norms that support Community Based Forest Management Programs, as well as the committees main functions and responsibilities
Keywords: communities/forest monitoring/Indonesia/participation/Philippines/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Rodenburg, E., Kristensen, P., Maddox, D., & Ottke, C. 2000, Monitoring for impact: lessons on natural resource monitoring from 13 NGO's , World Resources Institute, Conservation International.
Abstract: This Handbook includes the natural resource and forest monitoring work of 13 non-governmental organizations (NGO's). Each of the organizations provide case studies describing lessons they learned form monitoring natural resources, especially forests. The handbook contains basic instruction and principals on monitoring and it presents an integrated framework for creating and implementing natural resources monitoring programs; as well as a conceptual and methodological framework for aiding in future monitoring projects. The handbook stresses the importance NGO's play in providing important information on the status of natural resources and on government and private industry activities that will in turn help societies improve their natural resource management. Monitoring for Impact is a product of the combined efforts of the World Resources Institute's (WRI) Global Forest Watch program and Conservation International's (CI) Monitoring and Evaluation program.

• Association for the Protection of Environment and Culture (APEC), Nepal
• Center for Environment and Development (CED), Cameroon
• Comite Nacional Pro Defensa de la Fauana y Flora (CODEFF), Chile
• Conservation International - Bolivia/ Guatemala/ Washington D.C.
• Environmental Rights Action, Nigeria
• Fiends of the Earth - Amazonia Programme, Brazil
• Global Witness, UK based
• Institute for Social and Environmental Studies of Southern Bahia (IESB), Brazil
• Le Pou D' Agouti, French Guiana
• Sierra Legal Defence Fund (SLDF) and British Columbia Forest Watch, Canada
• Telapak, Indonesia

Keywords: British Columbia/Cameroon/forest monitoring/forests/Indonesia/monitoring/natural resources/Nepal/NGO's/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Saunders, J. 2003, Sources of investment for forestry: preventing flows of finance to illegal activities. Proceeds from meeting that took place the 5th of September 2003 at the Royal Institute of International Affairs, Chatham House, 10 St James Square, London
Abstract: This document synthesizes the proceeds from a meeting organized by the Sustainable Development Programme of RIIA on the issue of reducing illegal logging via pressures related to international finance. The document starts with the comments and main points of a paper presented, titled: "Sources of Investment for Forestry: Preventing Flows of Finance to Illegal Activities," by Van Gelder, J.W.; Richert, W. & Walder, E. It continues with the summary of the main points from the participants presentations, who were invited to outline their work in the area of finance and forestry.

• Ronald Offrell, of April (a leading pulp and paper company with concessions in Indonesia)
• Ruddy Rumuru, of WAWIT Watch Indonesia
• Ugis Rotbergs, of WWF Latvia
• Jon Sohn, of Friends of the Earth US.
• Michelle Chan Fishel, of Finance Watch and Friends of the Earth International
• Bambang Setiono, of CIFOR
• Mark Campnale, of Hendersons Global Investors
• Cinnamon Dornsife, of Forest Trends

Keywords: concessions/illegal logging/Indonesia/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Secretariat of the Forest Integrity Network, Landell-Mills, P., Spears, J., & Gupta, A. 2002, Progress toward containment of forest corruption and improved forest governance. An information note prepared for Transparency International's Annual General Meeting
Abstract: This document summarizes some of the initiatives taken recently by various stakeholder groups to combat forest corruption and foster improved forest law enforcement. It recognizes that the containment of forest related corruption can only be done with the participation of various stakeholders including local communities, NGO's, private sector, governments and development agencies and proceeds to give brief descriptions and examples.

• Local communities: community action in India, Mexico and Tanzania.
• NGO's: work done by Global Witness, the Nature Conservancy, Forest Trends and Global Forest Watch.
• Private Industry: Council for Forest and Paper Associations, the World Business Council for Sustainable Development.
• Governments: Albania, Cambodia, Ecuador, Indonesia, FLEG in Africa and Asia, and the European Commission's Action Plan.
• Multilateral Banks and Development Agencies: World Bank, FAO, the International Tropical Timber Organization

The document concludes with TI's and FIN's steps to build coalitions to fight forest corruption by:

1. building up and publicizing data and information on the issue
2. promoting action plans that include ideas such as: community forestry, integrity pacts for forest concessions, review of laws and policies, certification, citizen-watch activities etc.

Keywords: Africa/Asia/Cambodia/certification/communities /concessions/corruption/Ecuador/FLEG/ forest law/forest law enforcement/ governance/Indonesia/law enforcement/NGO's/participation/ Transparency International/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Timber, T. F. 2004, Scoping study: sourcing legal timber from Indonesia. Based on a report by the Tropical Forest Trust
Abstract: UK Timber Trade Federation (TTF) members met on June 4th, 2003 to discuss the prospects of securing legal wood from Indonesia. TTF members decided that continuing to trade with Indonesia makes good business as well as good environmental sense provided that TTF members could implement a secure process based on third party audits that will deliver verifiable legal timber. The key objective of the study was to explore and report on the current and future state of legality of existing and potential mills supplying the UK market. Secondary objectives included exploring and reporting on the feasibility of a common framework to assess and verify basic legality in Indonesia. The study includes the TTF's 10 point strategy to promote the sourcing of legal and sustainable timber from Indonesia
Keywords: certified chain of custody/common auditing framework/illegal logging/Indonesia/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

WWW Indonesia 2004, Monitoring of illegal operations in Riau, Sumatra. WWF Indonesia Tesso Nilo Programme
Abstract: This document reports the results of spot checks by WWF Indonesia Tesso Nilo Programme Forest Crime Unit in August 2003 and April 2004. The forest crime unit has been active since 2001 and investigates claims regarding illegal logging, and monitors ongoing illegal activities
Keywords: illegal logging/Indonesia/monitoring/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140