Resources
Bibliography compiled by Lorena Ibargüen Tinley in 2004.
A-Z by country and subject:
Also on this site
Acosta, R. 2004, Multisectoral forest protection initiatives. Presentation from the Director of Forest Management Bureau of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Philippines
Abstract: The Forest Protection Committees are involved in forest law enforcement activities, promoting sustainable forest management and preventing illegal logging operations in the Philippines. This power point presentation summarizes key elements, such as membership and major roles and functions of the two main forest protection initiatives:
- The Multisectoral Forest Protection Committees &
- The Forest Protection Committees in Community-Based Forest Management
Keywords: forest law/forest law enforcement/illegal logging/law enforcement/Philippines/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
Adams, M. & Meka, E. Z. 2002, "Policy failure: the accomplice of illegal trade", Journal of Sustainable Forestry
Abstract: This article starts by examining some of the more common ways that illegal trade can be perpetrated, but its purpose is to set out some of the underlying policy issues- many outside the forestry sector- that help create the conditions in which illegal trade can flourish and argues that reforming these is equally important to strengthening forest policy and law enforcement.
Keywords: forest policy/illegal timber trade/law enforcement/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
Andin, N. A. & Gorospe, N. V. 2003, Forest law enforcement and governance: the Philippine experience , FLEG
Abstract: The document is a review of Philippine Environmental Legislation and is divided in three general topics which are: Public Awareness, Transparency and Participation; Institution and Capacity Building and Local Level Initiatives. Some of the environmental measures that are described briefly in the document are: the Ecogovernance Program, Chains Saw Act, National Law Enforcement Committee, and the Multi-Sectoral Forest Protection Councils
Keywords: forest law enforcement/governance/law enforcement/participation/Philippines/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
Brunner, J., Seyemour, F., Badenoch, N., & Ratner, B. D. 1999, Forest problems and law enforcement in Southeast Asia: the role of local communities
Abstract: In the past, forest legislation has either ignored or barely recognized the customary rights of long- term occupants or indigenous communities. Southeast Asian countries have vested control of the regions forest in the government and their centralized resource management agencies. Nevertheless, there is today undeniable evidence of the States' failure to control deforestation and prevent widespread forest mismanagement by state or private companies. This paper examines the role of local communities in forest law enforcement and highlights the strong evidence that, in partnership with official agencies, communities can prevent and detect forest problems more reliably and at lower cost that the state alone. Nevertheless, building such partnerships implies fundamental changes in the way state authorities perceive and treat those who live in and depend on the forest, as well as significant policy and institutional changes
Keywords: communities/deforestation/forest law/forest law enforcement/law enforcement/Southeast Asia/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140 Contreras-Hermosilla, A. & Vargas Rios, M. T.
2002, Social, environmental and economic dimensions of forest policy reforms in Bolivia , Forest Trends and Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)
Abstract: This paper looks at the experience of designing and implementing policy reforms in the Bolivian forestry sector. It describes the process that led to the adoption of policy reforms, the main features of the policy reform package, as well as a section focusing on the economic, environmental and social dimensions of reform and the lessons that can be derived from the Bolivian experience.
Some of the main policy reforms mentioned are:
- the examination of planning documents (the forest management plan, the annual operations plans, annual and quarterly reports from the raw material processing centres),
- Use of independent inspecting agents
- Inspections at anytime by the superintendcy's own initiative or at the request of a third party
- A flat fee on timber concessions to undermine the discretionary power of corrupt forest officers controlling the implementation of concession contracts.
- Open auctions on all new concessions contracts
- Civil society participation, whereby the public can become directly involved in forest law enforcement.
Keywords: Bolivia/concessions/corruption/forest law/forest law enforcement/law enforcement/participation/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
Contreras-Hermosilla, A. 2004, Forest law compliance, World Bank.
Abstract: This paper provides an overview of the magnitude, causes and possible solutions to the problem of illegal logging, which the author states, are common everywhere. It looks at available evidence on the magnitude and impacts of illegal acts, the vulnerabilities of the forest sector, and proposes a strategy for combating forest crime. This strategy rests on three pillars:
- an assessment of the governance situation of the country,
- streamlining the policy framework, and
- focusing operational activities around a prevention detection and suppression framework.
Keywords: forest law/forest policy/governance/illegal logging/law enforcement/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
Currey, D., Lawson, S., Newman, J., & Ruwindrijarto, A. 2001, Timber trafficking. Illegal logging in Indonesia's, South East Asia and international consumption of illegally sourced timber, Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) and Telapak, Indonesia.
Abstract: This report unravels the links between illegal logging and the massive demand for cheap and plentiful tropical timber in the consuming markets of the US, European Union, Japan and China. It gives an overview of illegal logging activities within South- East Asia, highlighting the regional situation, where illegal timber flows across borders and is then legitimized by paperwork that masks its true origin -from Indonesia to Malaysia, Singapore and China, from Cambodia to Thailand and Vietnam and from Burma to China. The document goes on to demonstrate this situation by detailing on a case study of illegal trade in Ramin timber.
The report concludes with some possible policy solutions that could help curb the illegal sourcing and trade of tropical timber:
- The use of existing international agreements (CITES),
- Procurement policies,
- Industry initiatives,
- New legislation,
- Improved border controls,
- Regional co-operation and
- Strengthening civil society and law enforcement.
The report finalizes with a series of recommendations for major timber importing nations and for timber producing nations in South-East Asia.
Keywords: Cambodia/East Asia/illegal logging/Indonesia/international agreements/law enforcement/Malaysia/Southeast Asia/trade/Vietnam/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
Development Alternatives Inc 1998, Institutional analysis. Log monitoring and logging control project. Submitted to: Royal Government of Cambodia, Ministry of Economy and Finance & Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Abstract: This appendix describes the existing forest law enforcement framework in Cambodia, relevant laws and regulations and current surveillance, response, and prevention efforts; followed by an analysis of gaps and weaknesses
Keywords: Cambodia/forest law/forest law enforcement/law enforcement/monitoring/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
Development Alternatives Inc. 1998, Technologies and procedures for log tracking and law enforcement. Log monitoring and logging control project. Submitted to: Royal Government of Cambodia, Ministry of Economy and Finance & Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Abstract: This report contains recommendations regarding log tracking, aerial surveillance, ground surveillance, law enforcement and related subjects. An assessment of log tracking technologies is reported and includes a description of each technology considered. This appendix contains recommended technical procedures for certain log tracking and law enforcement activities and includes equipment lists for items that could considered for use in Cambodia now or at some future stage.
Keywords: Cambodia/law enforcement/monitoring/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
Global Witness 2002, Forest law enforcement in Cameroon. 1st summary report of the Independent Observer, May - November 2001
Abstract: The project of Independent Observation in support of Forest Law Enforcement in Cameroon was established in May 2001. Its aim is to improve governance and transparency in the forest sector, which has been acknowledged to be seriously affected by corruption and poor practices. The international NGO, Global Witness, was appointed Independent Observer (IO) in May 2002 for up to three years until an international bid takes place to fulfil the post. This is the first major report by Global Witness as the IO, and as such, it gives an overview of the project, its conception, objectives and the progress that has been achieved during the initial six-month transition phase. The document concludes that this initiative is a positive step forward in the fight against corruption and illegal logging. However, the credibility gained, the assumed political will and commitment to transparency, should be contrasted with the lack of action taken against major logging companies. Enforcement remains to be demonstrated by the Government by the application of significant sanctions
Keywords: Cameroon/corruption/forest law/forest law enforcement/governance/illegal logging/law enforcement/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
Global Witness 2003, Forest law enforcement in Cameroon. 2nd summary report of the Independent Observer, December 2001 - June 2003
Abstract: This Report is the second of its kind, since Global Witness was appointed IO and includes an overview of the project of Independent Observation, a progress review of the objectives of the Project, the Independent Observers mandate, and a description of its activities. Its major conclusion is that during the first two years of work the Independent Observer has been able to attain greater access to documentation, has completed 35 field missions documenting in detail major and minor infractions and has published all related reports. This achievement however, has not concluded in the pursuit of these cases to their legal resolution. The issuing of official statements of offence and prosecution for illegal logging has increased since the beginning of the Project, but despite this cases of illegal logging remain unresolved
Keywords: Cameroon/corruption/forest law/forest law enforcement/governance/illegal logging/independent forest monitoring/law enforcement/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
Hirakuri, S. R. 2003, Can law save the forests? Lessons from Finland and Brazil , Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).
Abstract: Forests provide mankind with a wide range of economic, social and environmental benefits. However, the forests are increasingly being threatened by unsustainable logging practices. Rampant deforestation in the tropics and international pressures has led governments of tropical forest countries to take actions to promote forest management of natural forests. However, in most countries forest management has been implemented improperly. Thus, low compliance with existing forest management laws rather than lack of law is often a leading cause of unsustainable forestry practices. This study examines the contrast of Brazil, a low compliance country, with Finland, the most successful country. Focus is given to the Finnish model of forestry law enforcement, concentrating on factors that can be adapted to Brazil and other tropical forest countries. Some specific recommendations have been drawn from this cross-case study. These lessons might be useful for Brazil and other tropical forest countries which are trying to improve their forestry law enforcement system
Keywords: Brazil/deforestation/Finland/forest law enforcement/forests/law enforcement/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
Royal Institute of International Affairs (RIIA) 2003, UK Government Forest Law Enforcement and Governance Programme, Assessment. Workshop proceedings, Monday 1st of December 2003. RIIA, Chatham House, 10 St James Square, London
Abstract: This document summarized key issues discussed in the UK Government Forest Law Enforcement and Governance Programme Assessment, which had the objective of gathering views on whether the original aims and elements of the programme were still valid after a first year of activities. The discussion was organized into four main groups comprising the following:
- Indonesia-UK Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). The main issues discussed were the immediate need for a workable national definition of legality, the impacts of both logging and enforcement on the poor, law enforcement and corruption measures, the need for policy coherence, trade measures, among others. One of the main conclusions was that the MoU's main weakness was its limited geographical reach.
- The Regional Forest Law Enforcement and Governance Process (FLEG) -
In the debate over the FLEG process the key themes were donor leverage, the vital importance of monitoring and follow up, the lack of political will in producer countries and the need to clarify aims.
- Timber industry and private sector initiatives -
The main topics were the need for definitions of legality, certification schemes, costs, consumer education, market-based approaches vs. government action and the impact of plantation forestry.
- Research Agenda and Systems Development -
The main issue was the dialogue around independent monitoring schemes like the work done by Global Witness as well as the experiences by SGS. The key themes were the need for coordination, coherence and cross-referencing of research to create a strategic framework, and using legislation in innovative ways.
Keywords: certification/corruption/FLEG/forest law/forest law enforcement/governance/illegal logging/independent monitoring/Indonesia-UK MoU/law enforcement/monitoring/SGS/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
Secretariat of the Forest Integrity Network, Landell-Mills, P., Spears, J., & Gupta, A. 2002, Progress toward containment of forest corruption and improved forest governance. An information note prepared for Transparency International's Annual General Meeting
Abstract: This document summarizes some of the initiatives taken recently by various stakeholder groups to combat forest corruption and foster improved forest law enforcement. It recognizes that the containment of forest related corruption can only be done with the participation of various stakeholders including local communities, NGO's, private sector, governments and development agencies and proceeds to give brief descriptions and examples.
- Local communities: community action in India, Mexico and Tanzania.
- NGO's: work done by Global Witness, the Nature Conservancy, Forest Trends and Global Forest Watch.
- Private Industry: Council for Forest and Paper Associations, the World Business Council for Sustainable Development.
- Governments: Albania, Cambodia, Ecuador, Indonesia, FLEG in Africa and Asia, and the European Commission's Action Plan.
- Multilateral Banks and Development Agencies: World Bank, FAO, the International Tropical Timber Organization
The document concludes with TI's and FIN's steps to build coalitions to fight forest corruption by:
- building up and publicizing data and information on the issue
- promoting action plans that include ideas such as: community forestry, integrity pacts for forest concessions, review of laws and policies, certification, citizen-watch activities etc.
Keywords: Africa/Asia/Cambodia/ certification/communities/concessions/ corruption/Ecuador/FLEG/forest law/ forest law enforcement/governance/Indonesia/law enforcement/NGO's/participation/Transparency International/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 1999, Monitoring Cambodian forestry to improve forest management. Project of the Royal Government of Cambodia
The Royal Government of Cambodia requested assistance to various donors in order to establish a forest monitoring program. This activity, which is part of a comprehensive forestry sector reform program, involves cooperation of the Department of Forestry and Wildlife (DFW) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), the Department of Inspection, the Ministry of Environment and a major international NGO, Global Witness, serving as an independent monitor. The total cost of the three year program is estimated at $2 million. The project document gives a very brief description of the forestry sector in Cambodia, as well as the main justification, project strategy and major objectives and activities
Keywords: Cambodia/law enforcement/monitoring/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
van Gelder, J. W., Richert, W., & Wakker, E. 2003, Sources of investment for forestry: preventing flows of finance to illegal activities. Discussion paper written on behalf of the Sustainable Development Programme of The Royal Institute of International Affairs (RIIA)
Abstract: This paper broadly reviews the main economic factors that contribute to illegal forest destruction worldwide and assesses the main sources of public and private financing for each of these sectors. Subsequently it explores policy options to prevent flows of finance to illegal activities in forest related sectors. The document begins by describing how both public and private financial institutions play significant roles in the financing of forest-related sectors worldwide through the provision of a range of diverse financial services. Nevertheless, the role and responsibility of the financial sector in relation to illegal activities in forest-related sectors has received little attention from policy makers to date, and as a result very few existing regulations provide effective options to address the problem
Keywords: finance to illegal activities/forest policy/law enforcement/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
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