Resources
Bibliography compiled by Lorena Ibargüen Tinley in 2004.
A-Z by country and subject:
Also on this site
Anderson, M., Simmons, G., Werring, J., & Sassaman, B. 2001, Interior stumpage report. Sierra Legal Defense Fund (SLDF)
Abstract: In January 2001, the Sierra Legal Defense Fund (SLDF) released the report "Stumpage Sellout," which documented abuses of the stumpage system by logging companies operating on the British Columbia Coast. This report extends the scope of that analysis by examining stumpage rates and revenues in the Interior of B.C. The results of this report reveal that the trends found on the coast are repeated in the Interior
Keywords: abuses of stumpage system/Canada/corruption/monitoring/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
Belangue, T., De Rueda, R., Ojerio, A., & Oliva, R. 1993, Multi-Sectoral Forest Protection Committee. Manual of procedures. Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Monitoring and Enforcement Component of the Environment and Natural Resources Sectoral Adjustment Loan. Philippines
Abstract: The Manual of Procedure's objective is to describe the functions and responsibilities of the Multi-Sectoral Forest Protection Committees of the Philippines. It defines important processes, formats, types of reports, and other requirements in the committee's mandate. The MFPCs aim to bring forest protection to the grassroots by involving various sectors of the community and are involved in actual forest protection work and in the evaluation of applications for forestry licenses and permits
Keywords: communities/monitoring/natural resources/Philippines/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
Brack, D., Gray, K., & Hayman, G. 2002, Controlling the international trade in iIlegally logged timber and wood products. A study prepared for the UK Department of International Development
Abstract: This report examines the means by which the international trade in illegally logged timber and wood products can be controlled. It describes how importing and consuming governments might establish and operate a system for denying market access to timber and wood products produced and exported illegally. The main issues looked into by the study are:
- Identifying legal production. Including monitoring and verification schemes, as well as experiences from timber certification schemes.
- Closing markets to illegal products by voluntary means, tariff preferences, government procurement polices
- International cooperation through bilateral, regional or multilateral agreements
- WTO implications
- Anti-corruption and money laundering initiatives
The major conclusion to the study is that solutions to the problem of illegal logging and the trade in illegally logged timber will not be easy to implement, they will require action across a wide variety of fields, legal, financial, diplomatic and technical. Yet they are not impossible; solutions do exist, and can be implemented by those who display the political will to do so.
Keywords: certification/government procurement/illegal logging/money laundering/monitoring/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
Brown, D. & Wells, A. 2004, Illegal logging: who gains from tighter controls?
Abstract: This policy brief describes some of the main factors that contribute to illegality in the forest sector and point out some of the main aspects that need to be implemented in order to combat illegal logging.
Illegality in the forestry sector is widespread due to:
- weak environmental ministries that do not have enough strength or budget to adequately control forest industry and production
- powerful economic groups that benefit form illegal logging
- difficulties associated to regulating a industry that is often in a isolated environment
- strict legislation (permit procedures, field level monitoring, enforcement), causing high costs for producers who need to access the market and facilitate government documentation.
What is needed? The authors stress the need to reform the regulatory framework for the industry and reduce transaction costs, while targeting institutional corruption as well through:
- strengthening of land rights
- simplification of administrative procedures
- access to information and greater transparency
- awareness in consumer markets
The promotion of sustainable forest management that will be more prone to exclude free riders from the market place.
Keywords: corruption/illegal logging/monitoring/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
Development Alternatives Inc. 1998, Results of the national assessment on illegal logging, processing and timber exports in Cambodia. Log monitoring and logging control project. Submitted to royal Government of Cambodia. Ministry of Economy and Finance & Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Abstract: This report is a preliminary assessment of the sale of illegal logging in Cambodia from November 1997 to February 1998. It includes research methodology, calculation on the volume of illegal timber traded in 1997, a summary of the illegal activities in the commercial forestry sector, descriptions of the main illegal export routs, the conditions facilitating illegal logs and sawn wood exports, and introduction to the key stakeholders and four regional reports which highlight the differences in the illegal timber trade between regions
Keywords: Cambodia/illegal logging/illegal timber trade/monitoring/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
Development Alternatives Inc 1998, Current conditions for forest exploitation and management. Log monitoring and logging control project. Submitted to: Royal Government of Cambodia, Ministry of Economy and Finance & Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Abstract: This report examines the causes, methods and actors involved in illegal and uncontrolled logging in Cambodia. The first part describes the role that authorizations play in facilitating illegal and uncontrolled logging. In the second part, illegal activity is categorized into seven types and a brief characterization of each type is given. Causes and incentives for the activity are discussed and the methods employed and the key actors are described. The seven categories of illegal activity discussed are:
- logging in protected areas
- unauthorized logging on concessions by concessionaires
- unauthorized cutting on concessions by poachers
- illegal transporting
- illegal log export in violation of the export ban
- illegal log scaling and grading
- illegal processing
Keywords: Cambodia/concessions/monitoring/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
Development Alternatives Inc 1998, Institutional analysis. Log monitoring and logging control project. Submitted to: Royal Government of Cambodia, Ministry of Economy and Finance & Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Abstract: This appendix describes the existing forest law enforcement framework in Cambodia, relevant laws and regulations and current surveillance, response, and prevention efforts; followed by an analysis of gaps and weaknesses
Keywords: Cambodia/forest law/forest law enforcement/law enforcement/monitoring/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
Development Alternatives Inc. 1998, Technologies and procedures for log tracking and law enforcement. Log monitoring and logging control project. Submitted to: Royal Government of Cambodia, Ministry of Economy and Finance & Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Abstract: This report contains recommendations regarding log tracking, aerial surveillance, ground surveillance, law enforcement and related subjects. An assessment of log tracking technologies is reported and includes a description of each technology considered. This appendix contains recommended technical procedures for certain log tracking and law enforcement activities and includes equipment lists for items that could considered for use in Cambodia now or at some future stage.be
Keywords: Cambodia/law enforcement/monitoring/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
Global Witness 2001, The credibility gap and the need to bridge it. Increasing the pace of forestry reform in Cambodia
Abstract: This briefing document reviews the developments in the forestry sector in Cambodia over the year 2000, detailing incidents of illegal logging throughout the country. It examines the role of the Royal Government of Cambodia in the forestry reform process and points out that although there has been significant progress, there are still many issues that need to be dealt with. The report mentions among the positive aspects the formation of the Forest Crime Monitoring Unit (FCMU), the commitment to passing new forestry laws, and establishing new concession agreements. Nevertheless, there are still problems related to impunity and corruption. The report highlights an important contradiction: while the military is still in control of illegal logging activities, it is given the task of combating it
Keywords: Cambodia/corruption/forestry reform/illegal logging/monitoring/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
Global Witness 2002, Reform of the forest crime monitoring and reporting project
Abstract: This document outlines in brief the fundamental problems with the Forest Crimes Monitoring and Reporting Project (FCMRP) and potential ways forward. This includes a series of recommendations that could make the project function from the perspective of continued involvement of the Department of Forestry and Wildlife (DFW) or if that is not workable, what can be done in the absence of future DFW participation
Keywords: Cambodia/communities/forest crimes/independent forest monitoring/monitoring/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
International Tropical Timber Organization 1999, Ecuador's new approach to enforcing forest law
Abstract: This document describes the new public forest policy initiative in Ecuador, and more specifically its new National Forestry Supervision System, which consists of three main aspects. The first being the establishment of a public/private supervision body named Vigilancia Verde (Green Surveillance), under the leadership of the Ministry of Environment, the armed forces and police, together with five non-governmental organizations, that are to be in charge of controlling the transport of timber between the forest and marketing and processing points. Another aspect of this system is the forest steward programme whereby independent foresters working with the state, will have the responsibility for ensuring proper harvesting activities in the forest according to government authorized management plans: and finally, the Ministry of Environment will contract out a major portion of its forestry administration and supervision to a private independent supervisory organization, with a ten year contract, that will operate a real-time information system and work complementary with Vigilancia Verde and the forest stewards
Keywords: Ecuador/forest law/forest policy/monitoring/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
Johnson, S. 2004, Documenting the undocumented
Abstract: This paper briefly describes how the ITTO Secretariat has analysed the statistics provided to it by member and other sources over the past decade to attempt to monitor and report on undocumented trade in forest products. Since undocumented trade is often linked to undocumented production, techniques used to identify possible instance of the latter are also described. Finally, recent developments showing a new willingness by ITTO member to discuss (and in some cases, attempt to deal with) these issues internationally are summarised
Keywords: monitoring/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
Marijnissen, C., Ozinga, S., Richards, B., & Risso, S. 2004, Facing reality. How to halt the import of illegal timber in the EU , FERN, Greenpeace, WWF.
Abstract: This study focuses on the problems illegal logging brings about, and the role the EU plays as a major buyer of illegally sourced timber. The authors describe how illegal logging contributes to deforestation and loss of biodiversity; fuels civil wars and threatens international security through bribery, organized crime and human rights abuses; cuts tax revenue of producer countries; destabilizes international markets and undermines both legitimate business and responsible forest management. It is an international problem that needs solutions from both producer and buyer countries, but the EU does not have the legal means to halt the import of illegal timber. The study does an analysis of the international framework (FLEG process, G8 meetings) as well as relevant EU legislation. In the last section it deals with actions need to stop this problem and reviews CITES, procurement policies, the need for regulating the financial sector, customs cooperation, licensing schemes, independent monitoring among others
Keywords: CITES/deforestation/FLEG/illegal logging/independent monitoring/licensing schemes/monitoring/procurement policies/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
Rodenburg, E., Kristensen, P., Maddox, D., & Ottke, C. 2000, Monitoring for impact: lessons on natural resource monitoring from 13 NGO's , World Resources Institute, Conservation International.
Abstract: This Handbook includes the natural resource and forest monitoring work of 13 non-governmental organizations (NGO's). Each of the organizations provide case studies describing lessons they learned form monitoring natural resources, especially forests. The handbook contains basic instruction and principals on monitoring and it presents an integrated framework for creating and implementing natural resources monitoring programs; as well as a conceptual and methodological framework for aiding in future monitoring projects. The handbook stresses the importance NGO's play in providing important information on the status of natural resources and on government and private industry activities that will in turn help societies improve their natural resource management. Monitoring for Impact is a product of the combined efforts of the World Resources Institute's (WRI) Global Forest Watch program and Conservation International's (CI) Monitoring and Evaluation program.
- Association for the Protection of Environment and Culture (APEC), Nepal
- Center for Environment and Development (CED), Cameroon
- Comite Nacional Pro Defensa de la Fauana y Flora (CODEFF), Chile
- Conservation International - Bolivia/ Guatemala/ Washington D.C.
- Environmental Rights Action, Nigeria
- Fiends of the Earth - Amazonia Programme, Brazil
- Global Witness, UK based
- Institute for Social and Environmental Studies of Southern Bahia (IESB), Brazil
- Le Pou D' Agouti, French Guiana
- Sierra Legal Defence Fund (SLDF) and British Columbia Forest Watch, Canada
- Telapak, Indonesia
Keywords: British Columbia/Cameroon/forest monitoring/forests/Indonesia/monitoring/natural resources/Nepal/NGO's/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
Royal Institute of International Affairs (RIIA) 2003, UK Government Forest Law Enforcement and Governance Programme, Assessment. Workshop proceedings, Monday 1st of December 2003. RIIA, Chatham House, 10 St James Square, London
Abstract: This document summarized key issues discussed in the UK Government Forest Law Enforcement and Governance Programme Assessment, which had the objective of gathering views on whether the original aims and elements of the programme were still valid after a first year of activities. The discussion was organized into four main groups comprising the following:
- Indonesia-UK Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). The main issues discussed were the immediate need for a workable national definition of legality, the impacts of both logging and enforcement on the poor, law enforcement and corruption measures, the need for policy coherence, trade measures, among others. One of the main conclusions was that the MoU's main weakness was its limited geographical reach.
- The Regional Forest Law Enforcement and Governance Process (FLEG) -
In the debate over the FLEG process the key themes were donor leverage, the vital importance of monitoring and follow up, the lack of political will in producer countries and the need to clarify aims.
- Timber industry and private sector initiatives -
The main topics were the need for definitions of legality, certification schemes, costs, consumer education, market-based approaches vs. government action and the impact of plantation forestry.
- Research Agenda and Systems Development -
The main issue was the dialogue around independent monitoring schemes like the work done by Global Witness as well as the experiences by SGS. The key themes were the need for coordination, coherence and cross-referencing of research to create a strategic framework, and using legislation in innovative ways.
Keywords: certification/corruption/FLEG/forest law/forest law enforcement/governance/illegal logging/independent monitoring/Indonesia-UK MoU/law enforcement/monitoring /SGS/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
Smillie, I. 2002, The Kimberley Process. The case for proper monitoring. Occasional Paper #5, of the Diamonds and Human Security Project, a joint initiative of Partnership Africa Canada (Ottawa), The International Peace Information Service (Antwerp) and the Network Movement for Justice and Development (Freetown)
Abstract: This paper reviews the monitoring provisions of the Kimberley Process as agreed at its March 2002 meeting. It compares these with the monitoring provision in other international agreements and rate them against the problems the Kimberley Process aims to resolve, arguing that much stronger measures will be required if the agreement is to be credible and effective
Keywords: international agreements/Kimberley Process/monitoring/The Kimberley Process/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
Souza, C. & Barreto, P. 2001, Programa piloto para a protecao das florestas tropicais do Brasil - PPG7. Ministerio do Meio Ambiente, Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renovaveis
Abstract: The objective of this document is to present the relevant applications of geo processing in the control of deforestation due to forest fires and timber extraction activities. Initially the authors present the applications of remote sensing that permit the mapping of deforested areas and then they discuss how the information generated can be integrated to a database and used in activities such as licensing and monitoring of forest activities. (document available in Portuguese)
Keywords: Brazil/deforestation/forest monitoring/geographical information systems/monitoring/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 1999, Monitoring Cambodian forestry to improve forest management. Project of the Royal Government of Cambodia
The Royal Government of Cambodia requested assistance to various donors in order to establish a forest monitoring program. This activity, which is part of a comprehensive forestry sector reform program, involves cooperation of the Department of Forestry and Wildlife (DFW) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), the Department of Inspection, the Ministry of Environment and a major international NGO, Global Witness, serving as an independent monitor. The total cost of the three year program is estimated at $2 million. The project document gives a very brief description of the forestry sector in Cambodia, as well as the main justification, project strategy and major objectives and activities
Keywords: Cambodia/law enforcement/monitoring/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
WWW Indonesia 2004, Monitoring of illegal operations in Riau, Sumatra. WWF Indonesia Tesso Nilo Programme
Abstract: This document reports the results of spot checks by WWF Indonesia Tesso Nilo Programme Forest Crime Unit in August 2003 and April 2004. The forest crime unit has been active since 2001 and investigates claims regarding illegal logging, and monitors ongoing illegal activities
Keywords: illegal logging/Indonesia/monitoring/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140
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