Resources

Bibliography compiled by Lorena Ibargüen Tinley in 2004. A-Z by country and subject:

• Africa
• Cambodia
• Cameroon
• Certification
• CITES
• Communities
• Concessions
• Corruption
• Deforestation
• Ecuador
• FLEG
• Forest Crimes
• Forest Law
• Forest Law Enforcement
• Forest Policy
• Forests
• Global Witness
• Governance
• Illegal Logging
• Illegal Timber Trade
• Independent Forest Monitoring
• Indonesia
• Kimberley Process
• Law Enforcement
• Monitoring
• Participation
• Philippines
• Trade

2003, East Asia Ministerial Conference. Forest Law Enforcement and Governance. Bali, Indonesia: May/4/2003
Abstract: The conference declaration recognized the need to take immediate action to intensify national, as well as bilateral and regional efforts to address violations of forest law and forest crime, in particular illegal logging, and associated illegal trade and corruption. Some of the activities that the declaration promoted are: exchange of experience and information, cooperation among law enforcement authorities, involvement of stakeholders, and improving economic opportunities for those relying on forest resources, among others. In order to proceed with the implementation of such actions, the declaration called for the creation of a regional task force on forest law enforcement and governance, as well as an advisory group to the regional taskforce.
Keywords: corruption/East Asia/forest law enforcement/governance/illegal logging/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Adams, M. & Meka, E. Z. 2002, "Policy failure: the accomplice of illegal trade", Journal of Sustainable Forestry .
Abstract: This article starts by examining some of the more common ways that illegal trade can be perpetrated, but its purpose is to set out some of the underlying policy issues- many outside the forestry sector- that help create the conditions in which illegal trade can flourish and argues that reforming these is equally important to strengthening forest policy and law enforcement.
Keywords: forest policy/illegal timber trade/law enforcement/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Bernstein, S. & Cashore, B. 2004, "Non-state global governance: is forest certification a legitimate alternative to a Global Forest Convention?," in Hard choices, soft law: combining trade, environment, and social cohesion in global governance (forthcoming) , Ashgate Press, Aldershot.
Abstract: The central argument in this chapter is that as a non-state form of governance, transnational forest certification schemes require political authority beyond the state to succeed. "Authority exists when a community or audience authorizes commands to which it feels bound, empowering those rules and, possibly, mechanisms to enforce them. But in the realm of global governance, especially in cases where "hard law" is absent, legitimacy takes on added importance because, by definition, non-state governance schemes lack traditional enforcement capacities associated with the sovereign state."
Keywords: certification/communities/forest certification/FSC/governance/legitimacy/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Brack, D., Marijnissen, C., & Ozinga, S. 2002, Controlling Imports of illegal timber. Options for Europe , The Royal Institute of International Affairs and FERN.
Abstract: This report presents a series of recommendations for the institutions of the European Union (EU) on means to control the import of illegally source timber and wood products into the territory. It identifies existing legislation that may be applicable in controlling imports, looks at ways of promoting legal products in the market and of controlling flows of investment to potentially illegal forestry activities; examines existing global frameworks that may be applicable; analyses new approaches that are currently being discussed, in particular the option of the new EU legislation, including a licensing scheme for legal timber; and considers the practical issues, including identification systems, that must be addressed. The document points out the following measures that should be adopted as key priorities for action:

• Adopt new EU legislation to ban the entry of illegally produced timber in the EU. This should include establishing systems to identify legal production in producer countries and requirement for evidence of legal production to be presented at the point of import into the EU.
• Provide capacity-building assistance to developing countries to establish legality verification systems to reform their forestry sectors and possible forestry laws.
• Use government procurement policy to source legal and sustainable products,
• Regulate sources of finance for the forestry industry, steering investment flows away form potentially illegal activities
• Where possible, use existing legislation on illegal goods and money laundering to target illegal timber.

Keywords: certification/CITES/EU policy/forest legislation/government procurement/illegal logging/independent monitoring/money laundering/OECD Convention on Bribery and Corruption/The Kimberley Process/trade/US Lacey Act/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Brack, D., Gray, K., & Hayman, G. 2002, Controlling the international trade in iIlegally logged timber and wood products. A study prepared for the UK Department of International Development
Abstract: This report examines the means by which the international trade in illegally logged timber and wood products can be controlled. It describes how importing and consuming governments might establish and operate a system for denying market access to timber and wood products produced and exported illegally. The main issues looked into by the study are:

• Identifying legal production. Including monitoring and verification schemes, as well as experiences from timber certification schemes.
• Closing markets to illegal products by voluntary means, tariff preferences, government procurement polices
• International cooperation through bilateral, regional or multilateral agreements
• WTO implications
• Anti-corruption and money laundering initiatives

The major conclusion to the study is that solutions to the problem of illegal logging and the trade in illegally logged timber will not be easy to implement, they will require action across a wide variety of fields, legal, financial, diplomatic and technical. Yet they are not impossible; solutions do exist, and can be implemented by those who display the political will to do so.
Keywords: certification/government procurement/illegal logging/money laundering/monitoring/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Brack, D., Marijnissen, C., & Ozinga, S. 2002, Controlling Imports of illegal timber. Options for Europe , The Royal Institute of International Affairs and FERN.
Abstract: This report presents a series of recommendations for the institutions of the European Union (EU) on means to control the import of illegally source timber and wood products into the territory. It identifies existing legislation that may be applicable in controlling imports, looks at ways of promoting legal products in the market and of controlling flows of investment to potentially illegal forestry activities; examines existing global frameworks that may be applicable; analyses new approaches that are currently being discussed, in particular the option of the new EU legislation, including a licensing scheme for legal timber; and considers the practical issues, including identification systems, that must be addressed. The document points out the following measures that should be adopted as key priorities for action:

• Adopt new EU legislation to ban the entry of illegally produced timber in the EU. This should include establishing systems to identify legal production in producer countries and requirement for evidence of legal production to be presented at the point of import into the EU.
• Provide capacity-building assistance to developing countries to establish legality verification systems to reform their forestry sectors and possible forestry laws.
• Use government procurement policy to source legal and sustainable products,
• Regulate sources of finance for the forestry industry, steering investment flows away form potentially illegal activities
• Where possible, use existing legislation on illegal goods and money laundering to target illegal timber

Keywords: certification/CITES/EU policy/forest legislation/government procurement/illegal logging/independent monitoring/money laundering/OECD Convention on Bribery and Corruption/The Kimberley Process/trade/US Lacey Act/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Contreras-Hermosilla, A. 2000, The underlying causes of forest decline , Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)
Abstract: Underlying causes of deforestation and degradation originate in some of the most basic features of society, such as the distribution of economic and political power, attitudes towards corruption, population growth, flaws in the market system, and also in seemingly unrelated government policies. They may originate in other countries and transmit their effects through trade and the operation of transnational corporations
Keywords: communities/corruption/deforestation/illegal timber trade/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Contreras, H. & Global Witness 2003, Emerging best practices for combating illegal activities in the forest sector
Abstract: This document examines some of the most important options for combating illegal activities in the sector. The author points out that the proper application, sequencing and/or feasibility of the actions proposed will depend on each country's political, social and economic context. Some of the actions mentioned are:

• simplifying norms and reducing their number
• clear property rights
• certification schemes
• independent forest monitoring
• increased information and disseminate knowledge / collection of baseline data
• bilateral agreements

Keywords: certification/governance/illegal timber trade/independent forest monitoring/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Currey, D., Lawson, S., Newman, J., & Ruwindrijarto, A. 2001, Timber trafficking. Illegal logging in Indonesia's, South East Asia and international consumption of illegally sourced timber , Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) and Telapak, Indonesia.
Abstract: This report unravels the links between illegal logging and the massive demand for cheap and plentiful tropical timber in the consuming markets of the US, European Union, Japan and China. It gives an overview of illegal logging activities within South- East Asia, highlighting the regional situation, where illegal timber flows across borders and is then legitimized by paperwork that masks its true origin -from Indonesia to Malaysia, Singapore and China, from Cambodia to Thailand and Vietnam and from Burma to China. The document goes on to demonstrate this situation by detailing on a case study of illegal trade in Ramin timber. The report concludes with some possible policy solutions that could help curb the illegal sourcing and trade of tropical timber:

• The use of existing international agreements (CITES),
• Procurement policies,
• Industry initiatives,
• New legislation,
• Improved border controls,
• Regional co-operation and
• Strengthening civil society and law enforcement.

he report finalizes with a series of recommendations for major timber importing nations and for timber producing nations in South-East Asia.
Keywords: Cambodia/East Asia/illegal logging/Indonesia/international agreements/law enforcement/Malaysia/Southeast Asia/trade/Vietnam/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Development Alternatives Inc. 1998, Results of the national assessment on illegal logging, processing and timber exports in Cambodia. Log monitoring and logging control project. Submitted to royal Government of Cambodia. Ministry of Economy and Finance & Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
Abstract: This report is a preliminary assessment of the sale of illegal logging in Cambodia from November 1997 to February 1998. It includes research methodology, calculation on the volume of illegal timber traded in 1997, a summary of the illegal activities in the commercial forestry sector, descriptions of the main illegal export routs, the conditions facilitating illegal logs and sawn wood exports, and introduction to the key stakeholders and four regional reports which highlight the differences in the illegal timber trade between regions
Keywords: Cambodia/illegal logging/illegal timber trade/monitoring/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Environmental Investigation Agency & Telapak, I. 2002, Illegal logging and the international trade in illegally sourced timber: How CITES can help and why it should. A briefing for the 12th Conference of the parties to CITES
Abstract: This briefing is based on the premise that much of the illegally sourced wood in international markets is from tree species which are threatened or endangered in the wild. Therefore, the authors argue, CITES is currently the only legal tool available which allows producer and consumer governments to stop trade in illegal wood
Keywords: CITES/illegal logging/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Forests Monitor 2001, Sold down the river. The need to control transnational forestry corporations: a European case study , Netherlands Committee for IUCN and Map research was funded by the MacArthur Foundation.
Abstract: This report examines the role of the European Union (EU) in the management of forest resources in six countries in Central Africa: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo (Brazzaville), Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. One of the reports objectives is to effectively assess the benefits of the international timber trade on local communities. It looks into each country case to analyze the role of transnational corporations, of multilateral and bilateral creditors and national governments, in view of the expansion of forest commercial exploitation. Some of the aspects reviewed are the capacity of these African national governments to enforce forestry legislation, the timber industry's response to weak enforcement and the lack of transparency and democracy. The report concludes that private companies are logging illegally on a significant scale and national governments are using logging concessions to develop and maintain their various patronage networks. In this context, local communities are becoming more marginalised, their rights being undermined and livelihood opportunities threatened. This report is third in a series which focuses on the social, environmental, economic and political impacts of transnational corporations (TNC's) on forests and forest peoples
Keywords: Africa/Cameroon/communities/concessions/forests/trade/transnational corporations/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Global Witness 1995, Forests, famine and war. The key to Cambodia's future
Abstract: This briefing document prepared by Global Witness reveals the architects and beneficiaries of Cambodia's timber trade, including the Royal Government of Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge, and its effect on the environment and the human population
Keywords: Cambodia/forests/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Global Witness 1996, Corruption, war and forest policy
Abstract: This document examines deforestation in Cambodia, focusing on the role of the Royal Government of Cambodia in its destruction and the continued involvement of the Thai government and military with the Khmer Rouge in the cross border trade in timber. The document contains two main sections; the first is an examination of the RGC's forest policy and the realities of the corrupt and illegal trade. The second part focuses on Thailand's continued role as a major importer of Cambodian timber
Keywords: Cambodia/corruption/deforestation/forest policy/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Global Witness 1999, Made in Vietnam - cut in Cambodia. How the garden furniture trade is destroying rainforests
Abstract: This report exposes the illegal trade in Cambodian timber to Vietnam, where it is made into garden furniture and then exported to European high street stores
Keywords: Cambodia/corruption/illegal logging/trade/Vietnam/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Johnson, S. 2004, Documenting the undocumented
Abstract: This paper briefly describes how the ITTO Secretariat has analysed the statistics provided to it by member and other sources over the past decade to attempt to monitor and report on undocumented trade in forest products. Since undocumented trade is often linked to undocumented production, techniques used to identify possible instance of the latter are also described. Finally, recent developments showing a new willingness by ITTO member to discuss (and in some cases, attempt to deal with) these issues internationally are summarised
Keywords: monitoring/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Royal Institute of International Affairs (RIIA) 2003, UK Government Forest Law Enforcement and Governance Programme, Assessment. Workshop proceedings, Monday 1st of December 2003. RIIA, Chatham House, 10 St James Square, London
Abstract: This document summarized key issues discussed in the UK Government Forest Law Enforcement and Governance Programme Assessment, which had the objective of gathering views on whether the original aims and elements of the programme were still valid after a first year of activities. The discussion was organized into four main groups comprising the following:

1. Indonesia-UK Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). The main issues discussed were the immediate need for a workable national definition of legality, the impacts of both logging and enforcement on the poor, law enforcement and corruption measures, the need for policy coherence, trade measures, among others. One of the main conclusions was that the MoU's main weakness was its limited geographical reach.
2. The Regional Forest Law Enforcement and Governance Process (FLEG)
   In the debate over the FLEG process the key themes were donor leverage, the vital importance of monitoring and follow up, the lack of political will in producer countries and the need to clarify aims.
3. Timber industry and private sector initiatives - The main topics were the need for definitions of legality, certification schemes, costs, consumer education, market-based approaches vs. government action and the impact of plantation forestry.
4. Research Agenda and Systems Development - The main issue was the dialogue around independent monitoring schemes like the work done by Global Witness as well as the experiences by SGS. The key themes were the need for coordination, coherence and cross-referencing of research to create a strategic framework, and using legislation in innovative ways.

Keywords: certification/corruption/FLEG/forest law/forest law enforcement/ governance/illegal logging /independent monitoring/ Indonesia-UK MoU/law enforcement/ monitoring/ SGS/trade/ Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Timber, T. F. 2004, Scoping study: sourcing legal timber from Indonesia. Based on a report by the Tropical Forest Trust
Abstract: UK Timber Trade Federation (TTF) members met on June 4th, 2003 to discuss the prospects of securing legal wood from Indonesia. TTF members decided that continuing to trade with Indonesia makes good business as well as good environmental sense provided that TTF members could implement a secure process based on third party audits that will deliver verifiable legal timber. The key objective of the study was to explore and report on the current and future state of legality of existing and potential mills supplying the UK market. Secondary objectives included exploring and reporting on the feasibility of a common framework to assess and verify basic legality in Indonesia. The study includes the TTF's 10 point strategy to promote the sourcing of legal and sustainable timber from Indonesia
Keywords: certified chain of custody/common auditing framework/illegal logging/Indonesia/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

UK Timber Trade Federation 2004, Sourcing legal timber: the next step. A proposal for a common auditing framework
Abstract: This document is the UK Timber Trade Federation's proposal for the development of a Common Auditing Framework to provide assurances to customers in the supply chain, particularly the UK Government and corporate house builders, that timber products from tropical sources are legal
Keywords: certified chain of custody/common auditing framework/illegal logging/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140

Wijnstekers, W. 2003, The evolution of CITES. A reference to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 7th edition
Abstract: This almost 600 page book presents the provisions of the Convention, relevant resolutions and decisions, as well as explanations and comments to facilitate the understanding of the Convention and how it should be implemented
Keywords: CITES/trade/Verifor Bibliography /Project - SO140